Bruno (1548--1600)

 Italian Renaissance philosopher. For opposing the scholastic philosophy, was accused of In 1592 the Inquisition arrested after returning, after the burn in Rome. He Copernicus's heliocentric departure, that the universe is infinite, the universe, the solar system is a celestial system. Separation of matter and motion can not be sure, the feeling is the rational basis and so on. Author of

whole, my view is like the following: the existence of an infinite power created by the infinite universe. Because, I think, the point is with the power of God's mercy and not commensurate with the kind of view that God created the world, although with the addition to the other and the outside can create an unlimited number of world capacity, it seems only been created this finite world.

In short, I solemnly declare, there are similarities with the Earth world numerous separate world. I together with Pythagoras that the earth is a celestial body, it seems the moon, like other planets, like other stars, their number is unlimited. All of these objects pose many of the world. They form the infinite universe in infinite space, it is among many in the world. Thus, there are two infinite - the universe is infinite and the world an infinite number, which will indirectly come to that kind of faith-based denial of the truth.

Secondly, I also presumed that in this universe, there is an all-encompassing God, because it, all beings are living, developing, in motion, and to achieve their own perfection.

I use two ways to explain it. The first way is for the body than the soul: the soul of all being the whole situated in and being the whole situated in every part. This, as I called it, is natural, that is God's shadow, and imprinting. Another explanation

way, is an incomprehensible way, by means of it, God in essence, the existing power that exists in every being and above all, not as soul, is a non-interpreted way ... ...

As for the third cell of the Spirit of God, I can not follow the faith it should be understood it, but according to the Pythagorean point of view to look at it,UGG boots, this view it with the understanding of Solomon is the same. Ie: I interpret it as the soul of the universe, or the existence of the soul in the universe, like the Proverbs of Solomon, said: Sri Lanka is the same doctrine, Virgil, Guanghua month, Titan's bright torch,

Aura has nurtured in its depths.

intellectual context imbued with this monster,

promote it to run endless ... ...

according to my philosophy, from the life of the universe called the Aura, and then produce each of the life and soul of things, every thing has life and soul, so I think it is immortal, like all of the objects according to their entities, as that is immortal, because death is nothing but is the decomposition and chemical combination. This theory is probably in

(Soup Man Health Translation)

perfect harmony of the universe from God's rule of

: Newton

Newton (1642 - 1727), British scientist , the founder of mechanics. In mathematics, optics, astronomy, the areas have a greater contribution. Born in Lincolnshire. Elected president of the Royal Society in 1703. Established in the mechanics of Newton's laws of motion, discovered the law of gravity. Terms in the optical spectrum lay the foundation for the proposed light particles, said. Defined in terms of thermal cooling law. In astronomy created a reflecting telescope. In mathematics the number of proposed flow method, is the calculus one of the founders. Its philosophy is a spontaneous materialism. He has made in the natural science foundation of contributions. With a

hypothesis vortex encounter many difficulties. If each planet from the sun to draw a radius, then the radius of this area and planets passing the time spent is proportional to the various parts of the cycle of the vortex they should be subject to the square of the distance between the Sun and the relationship; but all planets The cycle can be calculated with the distance between them and the Sun 3 / 2 power is proportional, so the various parts of the cycle of the vortex, it should be the distance between them and the Sun 3 / 2 power is proportional to. Smaller vortices can be orbiting Saturn, Jupiter and other planets as small rotation, and can also safely larger worry in the vortex of the sun drift, solar cycle of the various parts of the vortex should be equal; the sun and planets of their own axis of rotation, should match their vortex motion said, but the rotation is far from commensurate with all of these relationships. Comet's motion is a regular, but also obey the same laws of planetary motion, but can not be explained by the hypothesis of the vortex; for the comet to the great eccentric exercise without distinction by all parts of the sky, but this freedom of movement, and the vortex theory is incompatible.

projectile into the air to the object, except by air resistance, the resistance from the other role. Deprived of the air, as in Mr. Boyle was done in a vacuum, the resistance will disappear; because in such a void, a thin gold hair and a hard fall down will be the same speed. The same argument must also be applied to the sky above the earth's atmosphere; in the sky, in the absence of air to prevent the movement of objects, so all objects will be the greatest freedom of movement; planets and comets will follow the stated above law in a form and location of a given track enduring run; But while these objects can really only because those laws of gravity and sustained in their orbits, but the track itself is a regular position, Wulunruhe can not start with these laws in the derived.

six main planets are in the sun as the center of the concentric circles around the sun, running the same direction, and almost within the same plane. Ten satellites in the Earth, Jupiter and Saturn as the center of the concentric circles around these planets run; their motion in the same direction, and almost in the orbital plane of the planets. But since a large comets can orbit eccentricity traveled to all parts of the sky, you can not imagine mechanics alone will generate so much because there are rules of the sport; because with such a movement, and in comets can be easily great speed through the planets of the group; aphelion in their place, they move the slowest, and therefore the time to stay there the longest; and in these places, which has gone too far with each other, so they interference by the mutual attraction is also the smallest. This from the sun, planets and comets of the most wonderful system, can only come from a wise, all-powerful masters of the supervision and rule. If the star is a celestial system of other similar centers, it is not because these systems are also in accordance with the wisdom of urging the formation of the same, they are subject to Biran also pass system the only master of this rule, especially since the star's light and light of the sun of the same nature, and the light from each object system will spread to all other objects in the system up's sake; and all the star systems in order to prevent the gravity due to their collision with each other, he took leave of these galaxies have on each other a place far, far away.

This is not the master of the soul of the world, but rather the master of all things emerged to rule everything. Because he has the right to rule, so people called him rule, but not like those who think of God the soul of the people in the world as illusion, that he is his own rule, but to his servants on his rule. The supremacy of God is an eternal, infinite, absolutely perfect and the master, but a master, no matter how perfect, if not dominance, it ceases to So we always say, Eternal, The reason why God is God because he exists as a spirit who has the right to rule; true, supreme, or imaginary dominion to constitute a true, supreme, or imaginary God. Because he has a real right to rule, so God became a living, intelligent, masters of the power; and all the rest because of his integrity, so he is supreme and most perfect. He is the eternal and infinite, omnipotent and omniscient; that is, he exists from eternity to eternity, from infinity to infinity and show; he ruled everything, and that already exist and all things are possible is omniscient. He is not eternity or infinity itself, but he is eternal and infinite; he is not the time and space itself, but he was persistent and always show themselves in space. He was always there, and everywhere; but because of this, he formed the time and space. Since each part of the space is always forever, the time is always the moment of each can not be separated in general, so certainly not the Creator of all things than ever-there, everywhere. Every sentient, although present in different times within different sensory and motor organs, but he always with an indivisible person. Time has its specific continuous part of the space part of its specific co-exist side by side; but the former or the latter do not exist either in or thinking of primitive people among themselves, but there is no substance in the idea of God being. Everyone from the perception that he, in his whole life course, in his all and every sense organ, he is always the same person. God is always the same one God, forever, around the case. God is everywhere, not only in terms of its function is the case, by its very nature, too, because the function can not leave the real and present. With God all things being inclusive, and in which the movement, but not each other, interference occurs; God does not suffer because of what the movement of an object damage, the object does not hampered because God is everywhere. Everyone recognizes the supremacy of God is bound to exist, and since this same necessity, he is always, always exist. Therefore, he will everywhere similar to the whole body is the eye, the whole body were hearing, the whole body is the brain, the whole body is the arm, and a round to feel, understand, and activities; but in a manner and not as human beings, and not as objects but we totally do not know. Just as the idea that there is no color blind, we are wise, how does God feel and understand all the things, also no idea. God, no body, nor a body, so can neither see nor hear, or touch him; nor shall any tangible property as his representative and to worship. We know his attributes, but the real substance of anything is what we do not know. For any object we can see its shape and color, to hear its sound, touch their appearance, smell the smell and taste of its flavor; but with our feelings or our mind reflex, they can not know it the inner essence; so we can not What is the essence of God there will be any concept. Through God all things we just the smartest and most ingenious arrangements and the ultimate reason, fishes have a better understanding of God; to us because his goodness and beauty and admire him, because he ruled all things, we are his servants and awe Ta, adored him; a God, if there is no right to rule all things, no and protect the power of human reason and its ultimate, it would not become God, in just the fate and nature only. The kind of blind metaphysical necessity, of course, is also ever-present everywhere, but it does not produce a wide variety of things to. Different locations at different times we have seen all kinds of natural things, there must be only one God originated the idea and will. However, we can use a metaphor, see the kingdom of God, can speak, to laugh, to love, to hate, to have all he desires, to grant, to accept, to joy, to anger, to fight, to design, to work, to construction; because we are all the ideas about God and human behavior from the comparable derived by. This analogy, while not perfect, but in the end there is some similarity. That is all I have to say about the God of all; from the appearance of things, to discourse of God, is undoubtedly a matter of natural philosophy since the beginning.

So far, we have explained the objects with gravity and ocean phenomena, but no reasons attributed to this force. To be sure, this power can only come from such a reason, it can pass through the center of the sun and planets, not so weakened by the slightest; it is not (as is often the reason is so mechanical that) thereon in accordance with its role The size of particles on the surface, but contained within these surfaces according to the quantity of solid substances play a role, and in all directions, it is always the role of them by decreases in inverse proportion with the square of the distance to very distant spread place. Pointing to the sun's gravity, the sun is pointing to constitute the overall sum of the gravity of each particle; From the sun gets out, gravity will precisely, and the square of the distance Chengfanbier weakened, remained so until the orbit of Saturn, of all the planets can be seen from aphelion are stationary saw it; and if the comet's aphelion is also stationary, then the sun's gravity can reach even the farthest aphelion of these places. But until now, I have not found the phenomenon of gravity from so there are reasons for these attributes, I do not make any hypothesis, because the phenomenon which is not derived from any of the allegations should be called the hypothesis, and whether this hypothesis metaphysics or physics, whether it is or is hidden nature of the mechanical properties, both in experimental philosophy is not their position. In this philosophy, is always a special proposition inferred from the phenomena, and then use induction to generalize in making it a universal. Impenetrability of objects, movement and momentum, and the laws of motion and gravity are such that out. But for us, to know the existence of gravity, and in accordance with the instructions we have played a role in those laws, you can also use it extensively to explain all the movements of celestial bodies and the sea, it has been sufficient.

now we may be able to penetrate and the other thing about all the bulky object being hidden in some unusual gas fine fine. Because of this fine air force and the role of objects in close proximity when the particles attract each other, each contact can unite with each other; charged body and its role in facilities far distance, but also exclusion can attract the particles around ; because it was only light emission, reflection, refraction, bending, and heat can make objects; and all feeling of being excited, animal limbs order to comply with the will of the movement, which is fine because the vibration of this gas along the animal Solid nerve fibers from the external senses to the brain and the common joint transmission from the brain to the muscles of the reason. But these are not a few words can speak clearly about it; the same time we do not have enough of the necessary experiments can be used to accurately determine and demonstrate that air power and flexibility play a role in fine patterns.

(Tze translation)

on the style of speech ①

: cloth cover

cloth cover (1707--1788), French naturalist home. Born Meng Baer. Royal Botanic Gardens, a former principal of the French, the French Academy of Sciences elected 1733, 1740, elected member of the Royal Society. He is a pioneer in evolutionary thought, advocating a variable species, promote biological change theory, proposed the That The creation of new geochronology. The most important work is the

① cloth cover on 23 June 1753 was elected to the French Academy degree, make up the late Archbishop Lange Court Shisang Si hinder Gers day Yique; August 25 at hospital type. Content of the speech is due to talk style, so later known as the

Gentlemen:

Mongolia you call me to your ranks in years, really makes me extremely proud; but only one can in fact accept the honorable deputy under its name, glory is valuable, and my several papers, written neither art, in addition to the algal nature itself and no other algae decorative ornaments outside, I can not believe they can escape that I have enough qualifications, dare sideways the artist of the forest. Of you are here on behalf of the French literary excellence brilliant characters, the name of you praised the people of all countries now, in the future but also our children and grandchildren at the end of the mouth to obtain vigorous circulation. The preference of you to me, and some other motive: For years I have the honor to belong to another well-known academic institutions, and of you I am the elected, that is, the academic institutions in order to make a new respect for that; me though Both sides should be grateful for, but not consequent reduced I appreciate the enthusiasm. Today, I forced my feelings of gratitude to contribute, but I how to do my responsibilities? Gentlemen, I can contribute to all of you, but is there of you own something Bale: I'm a little insight for the writing style is to learn from your past work; I read your book in and enjoy apart from your works, and my heart has generated these ideas; only in your Reflection for, I am made to these ideas, to get a little success.

always have some people, good at using words other people the power of command. But is only informed of the century it was well written, well said. The real talent to eloquently need to exercise, with the knowledge cultivation. It is different with the eloquence, but eloquence is a talent, a talent, any feelings of strong, articulate, people can have a quick thought. Such people feel faster, feel something else, and can suffer and feel strong enough to express something; their impression of a purely mechanical feel his own excitement and passed to other people. This is purely between the functional and sensory language; all actions, all attitude, all toward a common goal, a similar role. In order to move the masses, called the masses, what is it needed? That for most ordinary people, to shake them, convince them, need what is it? A tone of intense and moving, some frequent expressions gestures, some refreshing and loud words, nothing more. But for a few sanity firm, fine-trial identification, feels fine people, just like you, they do not attach importance to tone, gestures and empty words, then, you need to write with substance, and you need to have ideas, meaningful; will need to good at these things, these statements out of ideas and meaning, to identify them, the sequence up: towering who specialized audio-visual is not enough, also need to play a role in the reader's soul, for his wisdom to speak to touch his heart.

writing style, it is only on his thoughts on the level and scheduling. If the thought of his runs through it closely, and if he was thinking of a compact arrangement, his style becomes solid, Emotion and concise; if he thought he was slow to inherit each other with only the use of some words They join together, regardless of how the words are beautiful, casual style is redundant, and relaxed, and excessively bureaucratic.

However, in finding that the level of expression of ideas before the need to first develop yet another more general than the fixed level, at this level should only be included in the basic ideas and main concepts: basic ideas and these arrangements for key concepts up to this initial draft, subject to clear limits, but also to understand the range of subject matter; of which continue to remember the original outline of the main concepts to be able to determine the appropriate interval between, and used to fill Those included the interval, the meaning of the transferee will have out. With the power of genius, you can see all the meaning of these means, whether general or individual, which can be due to the real point of view presented in front of him; With the ability to differentiate highly refined trial, of the difference can be empty the concept of ideas and rich; With the eye of the long-term writing habits, the authors feel that he will be able to advance all the mental activities that will generate the kind of results. That as long as broad or complex topics a little bit, then one can see the full title, or against the efforts of genius will be able to penetrate the first look at the whole subject, it is a very rare thing; is that after many thought, after all can grasp the subject matter relations are still rare. Therefore, try to figure out questions, you should take the trouble; of this is to make full, to expand and improve his thinking the only way: the more able to use the power of meditation to give thought to the essence and power of the words to express thoughts with the text is easy and the more .

It also can not be considered this style, but it is the basis of style; it supports style, style guide, adjust the level of style that make them meet the law; not the case, the best writers will lost the road, his pen will be like without any riding horse reins, draw some irregular lines East, West painted the image that are not reconciled. No matter how he used bright colors, no matter what the spread is in the details wonderful words, the full text of lack of coordination, or not enough moving force can be said that such work did not structure; people admire the author's wisdom, but it can doubt his lack of genius. Only in this way, some people write and talk, even though the words of the article is written well and badly; only in this way, some people with imagination, inspiration, from the tone is high, but then not followed continue; only in this way, it is also some fear that some isolated, fleeting thought lost no deposit, time will be written in many different articles break even zero, and then reluctantly, arbitrarily break these zero articles even when linked up; short, only in this way, it works only so much patchwork, so only a small work of one fell swoop.

However, any topic has its unity; no matter how broad theme, you can do with an article including the net. Intermittent, stop,UGG boots cheap, split, appear to be only when dealing with different themes, or write things too broad, too difficult, too numerous and creativeness at the end of the run was interrupted numerous obstacles, the environment needs to be restricted by time, just what we need. Otherwise, the split too much, not only can not work a solid, they undermine the whole; this written in the book, at first glance seems clear, however, has always been the intention of the obscure; the author's intention in order to impress the reader's mind, or even just wanted to call the reader feel, are only clues to coherence by means of harmony with,UGG bailey button, can only be played by the gradual, progressive and forward, level Leveling; But all of this, not a break, or on the weakness of the.

Why is the way nature works perfect? That is because each work is a whole, because the nature of creation is based on an eternal plan, never left the step; it is quietly preparing for the seeds of its products; it first to any one single action embryonic biological shape; and cotton continued to keep its activities in the scheduled time, the development of this prototype, to improve the shape. The finished product certainly makes surprise; but should really be shocked us is the kind of images shown signs of God India. Of the human spirit what must not be created in a vacuum; it can only be there from experience and meditation can be subject to a fine after the birth. It is his knowledge of the seeds of the products; but if it can travel in nature, the work in imitation of nature, if it can wait and see approach to the highest truth, the truth if it can turn up together, link up with a way of thinking caused them a whole, a system, then it can not pull in a strong basis to build enduring monument to the.

is due to lack of planning, because of the object to be enough of a talent everywhere who feel embarrassed, do not know where to write. He also thought the meaning of many, but because he did not take either of these means to compare, nor were their affiliation, he had no standard to determine the trade-off; so he would stay in the confused, overwhelmed by the situation .

But as long as he can be a good a plan first, then the meaning of all the major themes are set up and rope were arranged in master-slave has, he is very easy to see when to write, he can feel a plan of his mature, eager to make it the same as the chicks hatch, his pen roll to just feel happy: meaning is inherited with each other, the style must be both natural and smooth; heat on from this happy in the generation, transmission everywhere, to every angry speech language perfusion; everything more lively; tone improved, and will have the color of things written; emotion combined with light, they also increase the light, making it more According to the more far have been written by the light to not write, so the style can be engaging and seems uncertain.

Some people want more in the article was full of warning arrangement, such an intention is entirely contrary to the heat and articles. Should form a whole bright light, evenly dispersed into the text, and those who like a lot of sparks warning, but hit hard so many words out of each other, they just flash flash, show off in front of us, and then We are thrown into the darkness, and this sparks the most violations of the real bright. Are some pros and cons that just Ping Zhao Xian Lu skill in weighing the use of the idea: of showing only one side of things, but will the rest of the surface Yigai shadow hiding; Typically, this side of his choice, just a point, a corner , the authors show off their talent at the top, this corner of the vast number of things from the farther side, then more is easy to show off talent, and the study of human things, but it is natural that from the look of things the majority of surface.

slim and some people like to use the idea, the pursuit of those ethereal, and unfettered, not a fixed concept, this clever and wonderful would like to, like gold, only to get lost when the robustness of light, Nothing wonderful to think that the pursuit of a more ingenious really eloquent a violation. Therefore, the authors put in the article, this shallow, flashy release was more stressed before, the article the less bones, the less light, less heat, but also the more there is no style; unless the subject matter itself is the only tune , intended only in the harmonic filter of no other goal: to say, the talk about the art of small things, big things may be about more than difficult.

again some people vomit to make efforts, take the usual or ordinary things, or lavish with a unique mode of expression, no more than the natural beauty of the violation; did not even lower than this writer character of the. The reader not only do not appreciate him, but to pity him: he had spent so many new efforts to temper the tone of words, the aim is simply parroting the words of several speakers. The problems are those rich in spirit but poor knowledge cultivation problems of people; that some words were children,cheap UGG boots, but there is no thought; so they literally do something in their alignment of the meaning of words organized on the self-righteous, they distorted the meaning of words , which ruined the language, but self-righteous purified language. This writer is no style, or it can be said that only the style of illusion. Should describe the thinking style of ①, but they only know smear words.

① French Style (Style) The word originates from Latin stilus (engraving tool), as China's with a very appropriate and powerful.

Therefore, in order to write well, must fully grasp the subject matter; must be fully subject to think, in order to clearly see the level of thinking, to form a coherent body of thought, a continuous chain of cotton continued Each link represents a concept; and to pick up a pen, but also it follows that the first chain, one after another forward, do not leave clues that it does not make it suddenly overlook important, pens, it should be to run to The range of degrees, it is not allowed to have other actions. In this careful and precise style, composition style, consistency, and adjust the style of Xu is also the speed of this disease; the same time, it is also as long as this is enough to make precise and concise style, even and orderly and bright, lively and orderly out. This is the genius of the first set by law, if a rule in compliance with this addition, the authors identify more subtle, aesthetic is correct, sign the word at Ci scrutiny, and always pay attention to only the most general term to refer to things ②, then, elegant style to a. If the author can not be the result of his initial motion easily Lingji letter from, of all the flashy Hyun He Gaiyu disdain of ambiguous language, often to dislike harmonic language crossing, then, his style on the grave, even to dignity. Finally, if the author would like to how to how to write, if he is to convince people, and he convinced himself first, then this is not a sincere self-deception, to constitute a correct attitude of others, constitutes the authenticity of style, which will be able to produce its full effects of the article; though, it also needs not to believe the heart of things that come with over-excited, but also more confident everywhere seem simple, sensible than enthusiasm.

② speech language, below called

the above, sir, I read your work, as if you said to me that this is the way to teach me. My heart, such as hunger and thirst which of you absorb these words of wisdom and would like to soar up, up to your height. However, in vain! I promise you another report, the rule is no substitute for talent; if not genius, the rule is useless. The so-called well written, is also wanted to be good, and feeling good, and good expression; It also has the wisdom, but also the mind, but also the aesthetic power. Style must have all the intellectual functioning of the coordination and activities; only meant to constitute a style of content, as word of the harmony, it is only style of attachment, it is only dependent on the function of the sense: as long as the sensitive ears of the disorders that can avoid the pronunciation, as long as more than the works of poets and orators, ears with training, expertise in the trial sound, it will tend to mechanically imitate the rhythm of poetry and speech tone. However, imitation can not be created out of nothing ever; so this sentence can not constitute a harmonious style, content, style, style can not constitute some of the works of saying nothing, words often to loud sounds that way.

style but a style to meet the nature of the subject matter, is also barely not; it is the nature of the content in the naturally arising out of, to see whether his idea of the general level to be determined . If the author can go up to the most general concept, the object itself is great, the style also seems that the same height; and, if the days to side to maintain this high degree of style, the side have enough strength to give Each object with a strong luster, if the author's vigorous in drawing on top of brilliant colors, in short, if the concepts of each can with a lively and very clear image of the performance out of each set of concepts to constitute a harmonious and vivid picture, the tone is not only superb, but was even a magnificent.

Here, sir, about the practical application of the rules may not be as about as easy to make clear, give examples may be more than empty talk with profit motto; but I always read your books enraptured me of those glorious chapter, and now not allow me - Quotations, give some thoughts I had is limited.