Time of the incident is where the big dogs of a child and a woman bitten by nearby residents that the dog is very fierce, we drive to no avail.
A woman who was severely bitten by a dog and his head are bitten wounds. Times reporter Xiao nest Times News Photo by
around 9 am yesterday, lived in the town Baiyun District of bamboo material passing a lady with her granddaughter when the bamboo building materials Boulevard 64, a lock side of water pipe in the floor, suddenly dashed on the dogs before they relent. lady was bitten for the protection of the face beyond recognition granddaughter, 1 year old little granddaughter suffered minor injuries.
on the water pipe, I do not know under what stimulus, even the chain is snapped, and ran over to bite. Wensheng everyone arrived, we saw little more than 1 year old granddaughter in the next crying, cheek by a dog on a claw scratch marks, but the lady has been throwing himself hounds, hunting dogs kept sharp teeth hand block claws.
seeing pedestrians around, they started throwing stones sent a mad dog, and set the dogs had tied around his neck on a chain in the water pipe brake the bands do not know how, and hound getaway. lady face multiple bites, her son came Wensheng, the elderly admitted to hospital. Witnesses estimate that dogs the first prey of the target is that little girls name, so his face was scratched, so he old lady the granddaughter cast aside, only allowed to survive, but they are bitten seriously wounded.
reporters in the Baiyun District Red Cross Hospital, Department of ENT hospital to see the lady being bitten. wrapped around her head a thick bandage, but not wrapped around part of the can after seeing the bloody horrors of dog bites. lady's son on the old lady refused to talk about the issue of dog bites.
reporter at the understanding from the medical staff that although the woman seriously injured, but no life-threatening, and her granddaughter were less seriously injured, the wound care of the family will immediately leave the hospital after.
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Tuesday, December 28, 2010
Classical Business Fables --- dogs and rabbits
Rabbit out of a dog to nest, has been after him, chasing a long time still not caught. Shepherd saw this scene, and laugh in to the dogs, said: Between the two of you run a small but much faster. Dogs answer said: You do not know the two of us in the running is totally different! I only run for a meal and, while he was running for their lives and ah.
a target
goal is to save the rabbit running their own lives, while dogs only aim for a meal, the same running, their enthusiasm will certainly be different. is not to say that the process of running just to achieve goals, and even if the same process, the goal is different, power is not , can also get different results, then one of the priorities of human resources is to set a reasonable target is.
two candidates to the company, and one said I want to dry solid with you to make results, together with the company growth, another said, I want to become a department manager in three years, five years, the position of vice president I want to do until the wings hard, I'll own business. CEOs chose the latter, it was puzzled and asked, he will be your competitors, you are ready to develop enemy? boss smiled and answered, he had ambition to better themselves, can go up is for the companies made a great contribution to the preparation it yourself, our business has On another level, or he will stay in this big stage, in a broader space for large facilities where fists, or their own business, but his business and we are not an order of magnitude, and can not be our enemy. said these words really ambitious executives, business enterprises have been growing at high speed.
find us once a business that he invested in real estate projects, eighty million funding pressure for two years, is expected to open this year. Project Manager required cost recovery to take profits after commission bonuses, he felt wrong, but I do not know how to do. consultant to investigate, the project manager, said the industry is such a trader to take on commission. consultant to his analysis, others are normal operating profit calculated under, and the project had a significant risk exists, the boss should get paid for their more risk than others, the risk return, and then the real profit is the project. by calculation, the project manager accepted the consultant's incentive programs, and together with the consultants refined the operation of the project implementation measures. Finally, the project was a great success, the project manager has been duly paid. consultancy visit, the project manager said that if we only by the general preservation and profit target management, would not have been so successful is that you help develop a higher goal, we set strict demands, work hard, gained a win-win situation.
Indeed, if you think a reasonable goal, you will work for the struggle to achieve this goal. So when the operator's shareholders to accept the economic value added (EVA) targets, it will come up with capital gains should be higher than normal levels of business management skills to achieve this goal. human resources work One is to help different organizations and individuals design a little higher goals and evaluation index, led the play the greatest potential.
Second, dynamic
hunters think that the right dog. I want to get more more prey to the think of a good way. So, hunters have bought a few dogs, who can catch the rabbit in hunting, you can get a few bones. can not find no food to eat rabbit. This the really effective, they have to chase the rabbit dogs, because no one was willing to see others eat the bones, he did not eat. over a period of time, the problem has emerged, a large rabbit is very difficult to grasp, but a good rabbit paying close attention to to get the reward and a large rabbit caught by the small bones of the rabbit is similar to that observed dogs are good at this trick, special grab a small rabbit, slowly, we have discovered the trick. hunter hounds say, the recent You catch the rabbits getting smaller, why? dogs, said there is not much difference anyway, why should grab it big?
hunters introduced in the dogs in the competition, results are received within a certain time, But as time goes by, their bones for the dogs, the temptation will become increasingly smaller.
an enterprise implementation of performance appraisal, assessment results and the earnings-related, a certain period of time, we all are very nervous, afraid of his own not doing well, one of income, and second, face does not look good. work performance over time has improved. But after about six months of operation, there was such a phenomenon: First, he found his staff competent competition assessment points, mutual competition, the final assessment of each sub-team members are similar, a small gap between assessment points; Second, there are some errors in the work place, employees said, not that a few points deducted the money, love button to deduction! - employees nerves are numb, and no help assessing the role of improving the work and motivation.
companies recognize the seriousness of the problem, re-design of the performance appraisal program, the monthly salary and evaluation is not directly linked to performance pay will be fixed, adjusted once every six months salary level performance results. implemented over the past year, the effect is much better than before.
why the same assessment score, the effect is different? former employee per month interest wages, not to lose another advantage, the results lost their original significance assessment; the latter, the real concern is the month of job evaluation, can help improve and enhance the work. examination results, by a certain time span and wages linked to fishing, reduced employee wages will be converted to the idea of performance, the performance appraisal really the purpose of evaluation; same performance results and the performance level of wages, to encourage employees to improve, enhance or maintain good performance. This is the performance pay system, the key to success.
human resources is to find the right ways to motivate the workers to maintain a good working environment, based on the ability to play the greatest.
three hunters after long-term bone
thought, decided not to share with whether the number of bones linked rabbit caught. And with each passing one end of the time, the statistical time the total weight of dogs caught the rabbit. by weight to evaluate the dogs, the treatment decision for some time. So the number of dogs have caught the rabbit and the weight increased, hunters very happy. But after a period of time, hunters find hunting dogs were caught and dropped the number of rabbits. And the more experienced dogs, decreased the number of rabbits caught the more powerful. So they ask the dog hunters. dogs, said: We have the best time to Fengxian to the you, the owner, but we will grow old over time, when we can not find the rabbit, you will bones to eat us up?
A is a make-up of a cosmetics company owner, a small company, the recent decline in effectiveness, the boss said to me: Brother, you say I these men how is it? properly done before, and now not as good as previous efforts, the company now poor performance, how they do not work hard as before? really no way, can you introduce me to some serious and responsible people to work? Not long after, followed him a few old business brothers are gone, and some have their own business and become his rival.
B is a pharmaceutical company's executives, companies with high-level shock, marketing manager with a lot of people tune slot to a rival group. B Qi Gugu to say, I've done a lot for them, cash bonuses for the honor of the wages of the long and long, and why they have to take it?
A and B are not the short-term employees combination of interests and long-term interests, they do not want to understand why people would go, the old hero would go, people will have the ability to walk. the company's policy orientation is the case, employees will naturally make such a reflection. So, in order to solve this problem, we must not only be employees, the company's combination of short-term interests, but also to employees, the company's short-term interests and long-term interests together. Human resource management is an important goal is to keep the interests of the employee's short-term and long-term interests of the combined Thus, it appears the stock options, employee stock ownership.
hunters are smart, he knows how to maximize the energy dog, constantly adjusting the morale of dogs. The story is simple, to us it is a lot of inspiration. our business, human resources workers at work, how to mobilize the enthusiasm of the staff to achieve business purposes, by what process, to create what kind of atmosphere, so that the maximum capacity of people to play. This is in fact human resources objectives - to create a maximum capacity of human resources to play, get the maximum value of the work management system.
four unfinished stories
hunters decided a reward, analysis and summary of all the dogs caught the rabbit The number and weight, provides that if a rabbit caught more than a certain number, even if not caught the rabbit, every meal can get a certain number of bones. dogs are very happy, we all strive to achieve the required number of hunters. Finally, some dogs reached the required number of hunters. this one, there is a clever dog on the dog said: We are so hard, just got a few bones, and we grasp the prey is far more than the few bones, Why can not we catch yourself rabbit? a result, some dogs left the hunter, download their own rabbits to go.
a target
goal is to save the rabbit running their own lives, while dogs only aim for a meal, the same running, their enthusiasm will certainly be different. is not to say that the process of running just to achieve goals, and even if the same process, the goal is different, power is not , can also get different results, then one of the priorities of human resources is to set a reasonable target is.
two candidates to the company, and one said I want to dry solid with you to make results, together with the company growth, another said, I want to become a department manager in three years, five years, the position of vice president I want to do until the wings hard, I'll own business. CEOs chose the latter, it was puzzled and asked, he will be your competitors, you are ready to develop enemy? boss smiled and answered, he had ambition to better themselves, can go up is for the companies made a great contribution to the preparation it yourself, our business has On another level, or he will stay in this big stage, in a broader space for large facilities where fists, or their own business, but his business and we are not an order of magnitude, and can not be our enemy. said these words really ambitious executives, business enterprises have been growing at high speed.
find us once a business that he invested in real estate projects, eighty million funding pressure for two years, is expected to open this year. Project Manager required cost recovery to take profits after commission bonuses, he felt wrong, but I do not know how to do. consultant to investigate, the project manager, said the industry is such a trader to take on commission. consultant to his analysis, others are normal operating profit calculated under, and the project had a significant risk exists, the boss should get paid for their more risk than others, the risk return, and then the real profit is the project. by calculation, the project manager accepted the consultant's incentive programs, and together with the consultants refined the operation of the project implementation measures. Finally, the project was a great success, the project manager has been duly paid. consultancy visit, the project manager said that if we only by the general preservation and profit target management, would not have been so successful is that you help develop a higher goal, we set strict demands, work hard, gained a win-win situation.
Indeed, if you think a reasonable goal, you will work for the struggle to achieve this goal. So when the operator's shareholders to accept the economic value added (EVA) targets, it will come up with capital gains should be higher than normal levels of business management skills to achieve this goal. human resources work One is to help different organizations and individuals design a little higher goals and evaluation index, led the play the greatest potential.
Second, dynamic
hunters think that the right dog. I want to get more more prey to the think of a good way. So, hunters have bought a few dogs, who can catch the rabbit in hunting, you can get a few bones. can not find no food to eat rabbit. This the really effective, they have to chase the rabbit dogs, because no one was willing to see others eat the bones, he did not eat. over a period of time, the problem has emerged, a large rabbit is very difficult to grasp, but a good rabbit paying close attention to to get the reward and a large rabbit caught by the small bones of the rabbit is similar to that observed dogs are good at this trick, special grab a small rabbit, slowly, we have discovered the trick. hunter hounds say, the recent You catch the rabbits getting smaller, why? dogs, said there is not much difference anyway, why should grab it big?
hunters introduced in the dogs in the competition, results are received within a certain time, But as time goes by, their bones for the dogs, the temptation will become increasingly smaller.
an enterprise implementation of performance appraisal, assessment results and the earnings-related, a certain period of time, we all are very nervous, afraid of his own not doing well, one of income, and second, face does not look good. work performance over time has improved. But after about six months of operation, there was such a phenomenon: First, he found his staff competent competition assessment points, mutual competition, the final assessment of each sub-team members are similar, a small gap between assessment points; Second, there are some errors in the work place, employees said, not that a few points deducted the money, love button to deduction! - employees nerves are numb, and no help assessing the role of improving the work and motivation.
companies recognize the seriousness of the problem, re-design of the performance appraisal program, the monthly salary and evaluation is not directly linked to performance pay will be fixed, adjusted once every six months salary level performance results. implemented over the past year, the effect is much better than before.
why the same assessment score, the effect is different? former employee per month interest wages, not to lose another advantage, the results lost their original significance assessment; the latter, the real concern is the month of job evaluation, can help improve and enhance the work. examination results, by a certain time span and wages linked to fishing, reduced employee wages will be converted to the idea of performance, the performance appraisal really the purpose of evaluation; same performance results and the performance level of wages, to encourage employees to improve, enhance or maintain good performance. This is the performance pay system, the key to success.
human resources is to find the right ways to motivate the workers to maintain a good working environment, based on the ability to play the greatest.
three hunters after long-term bone
thought, decided not to share with whether the number of bones linked rabbit caught. And with each passing one end of the time, the statistical time the total weight of dogs caught the rabbit. by weight to evaluate the dogs, the treatment decision for some time. So the number of dogs have caught the rabbit and the weight increased, hunters very happy. But after a period of time, hunters find hunting dogs were caught and dropped the number of rabbits. And the more experienced dogs, decreased the number of rabbits caught the more powerful. So they ask the dog hunters. dogs, said: We have the best time to Fengxian to the you, the owner, but we will grow old over time, when we can not find the rabbit, you will bones to eat us up?
A is a make-up of a cosmetics company owner, a small company, the recent decline in effectiveness, the boss said to me: Brother, you say I these men how is it? properly done before, and now not as good as previous efforts, the company now poor performance, how they do not work hard as before? really no way, can you introduce me to some serious and responsible people to work? Not long after, followed him a few old business brothers are gone, and some have their own business and become his rival.
B is a pharmaceutical company's executives, companies with high-level shock, marketing manager with a lot of people tune slot to a rival group. B Qi Gugu to say, I've done a lot for them, cash bonuses for the honor of the wages of the long and long, and why they have to take it?
A and B are not the short-term employees combination of interests and long-term interests, they do not want to understand why people would go, the old hero would go, people will have the ability to walk. the company's policy orientation is the case, employees will naturally make such a reflection. So, in order to solve this problem, we must not only be employees, the company's combination of short-term interests, but also to employees, the company's short-term interests and long-term interests together. Human resource management is an important goal is to keep the interests of the employee's short-term and long-term interests of the combined Thus, it appears the stock options, employee stock ownership.
hunters are smart, he knows how to maximize the energy dog, constantly adjusting the morale of dogs. The story is simple, to us it is a lot of inspiration. our business, human resources workers at work, how to mobilize the enthusiasm of the staff to achieve business purposes, by what process, to create what kind of atmosphere, so that the maximum capacity of people to play. This is in fact human resources objectives - to create a maximum capacity of human resources to play, get the maximum value of the work management system.
four unfinished stories
hunters decided a reward, analysis and summary of all the dogs caught the rabbit The number and weight, provides that if a rabbit caught more than a certain number, even if not caught the rabbit, every meal can get a certain number of bones. dogs are very happy, we all strive to achieve the required number of hunters. Finally, some dogs reached the required number of hunters. this one, there is a clever dog on the dog said: We are so hard, just got a few bones, and we grasp the prey is far more than the few bones, Why can not we catch yourself rabbit? a result, some dogs left the hunter, download their own rabbits to go.
Monday, December 27, 2010
Investors, the investment community is now the most popular Ma is CEO
After listening to all people jealous.
4 years ago, a well-known investors to invest in a personal capacity, Tencent was just over 4 per share of stock, 4 years later, Tencent's share price was 55 million. And even more Surprisingly, up to now no intention of selling. This name investors think, QQ and Tencent's Ma will make a very good price in the future to maintain the upward trend, now is not the time to sell.
hear , have lamented the eyes of those sophisticated investors and unique perspective. If the above investor's personal investment is the case, but another to say investors Ma also proved the most popular investment community is now CEO, Tencent's earning power is also the investment community as a holdings.
ie compared to the knock out from the other keyboard portal Sina, pop out from the client portal mouse, from the user experience, the simplest is often the user favorite.
QQ latest showed a profit, registered number has reached 890 million, while nearly 50 million online. If the Internet is a mountain in China, it has been located in the hillside Tencent now at least, most foot site is, or even most of the way in the rush to the foot to reach the foot of the mountain is far from the Na.
evaluation of the media on Ma never mean the kind words. a willing male to do the house-type product manager CEO, received two years of the authority in the approval of the media.
January 8 this year, Tencent Ma was elected Chairman of the Board and CEO of Sohu 08 years of private entrepreneurs. Nomination reason: He used 10-year monopoly of the Chinese people's desktop client, updating the Chinese way of communication. Tencent active users number over 350 million, approaching hundreds of billions of market value. Tencent have changed Chinese people's communication, but whether Tencent is an innovative company or ism is still being questioned.
latest issue of the authority of the U.S. media, London Week the degree of focus and innovation.
4 years ago, a well-known investors to invest in a personal capacity, Tencent was just over 4 per share of stock, 4 years later, Tencent's share price was 55 million. And even more Surprisingly, up to now no intention of selling. This name investors think, QQ and Tencent's Ma will make a very good price in the future to maintain the upward trend, now is not the time to sell.
hear , have lamented the eyes of those sophisticated investors and unique perspective. If the above investor's personal investment is the case, but another to say investors Ma also proved the most popular investment community is now CEO, Tencent's earning power is also the investment community as a holdings.
ie compared to the knock out from the other keyboard portal Sina, pop out from the client portal mouse, from the user experience, the simplest is often the user favorite.
QQ latest showed a profit, registered number has reached 890 million, while nearly 50 million online. If the Internet is a mountain in China, it has been located in the hillside Tencent now at least, most foot site is, or even most of the way in the rush to the foot to reach the foot of the mountain is far from the Na.
evaluation of the media on Ma never mean the kind words. a willing male to do the house-type product manager CEO, received two years of the authority in the approval of the media.
January 8 this year, Tencent Ma was elected Chairman of the Board and CEO of Sohu 08 years of private entrepreneurs. Nomination reason: He used 10-year monopoly of the Chinese people's desktop client, updating the Chinese way of communication. Tencent active users number over 350 million, approaching hundreds of billions of market value. Tencent have changed Chinese people's communication, but whether Tencent is an innovative company or ism is still being questioned.
latest issue of the authority of the U.S. media, London Week the degree of focus and innovation.
Sunday, December 26, 2010
There is only one Michael
Schumi Schumi Forever
ordinary life, a happy family Shenxianjuanlv
like animals
football Schumi Schumi
beach volleyball?
Schumacher F1 career debuted
* 1991 F1 track, and representing Jordan and Benetton team race.
* 1992 F1 season was completed, access to the drivers Points section 3.
* 1993 年 52 points out made the first score 4.
* 1994 defeat of the Hill won the world championship.
* 1995, on behalf of Benetton team won the world championship again.
* 1996 joined Ferrari previews Rider character, out of total No. 3.
* 1997 participated in F1 race, though points out the first 2, but accused of deliberately collided with Jacques Villeneuve was canceled under the results.
* 1998 participated in 86 points to obtain F1 race, but placing him No. 2.
* 1999 years due to severing the middle of the foot race accident occurred, and ultimately only get 44 points, a total score of 4 out .
* 2000 years of 21 years, Ferrari's first champion, also won the 车队总冠军.
2001 four years ahead of winning the drivers championship points, Schumacher write a glorious one so page.
* 2002, the Schumacher to the world's attention was focused on himself, his amazing performance, winning the 5th F1 drivers championship.
* 2003 does not play a few stops in the former ideal, but with the F2003-GA launch, Schumacher once again proved he is the God of today's cars, the success 6th win champion.
* 2004 continued in behalf of Ferrari race, no suspense 7th world championship win.
then bid farewell to Michael Schumacher, the end of a legend!
gone, finally said go.
legendary farewell this year seems to just get online in the United States mm away a legend Andre Agassi, tonight, we heard on the track Schumacher farewell sound.
Michael. Schumacher, F1's most successful driver in history, .244 races, seven world champions, 90 races and 68 pole positions, and even 37-year-old German driver will also gain the crown of his first eight. even if he decided to leave F1, he left F1 memory will long remain in the course of history . love him or hate him, can not forget. Agassi was helpless when to go, because he has been away from the title and the glory, Schumacher seems to still continues the legend of an era, he was holding the championship trophy to say goodbye.
In a was the only joy, should be carnival time, ahead of Michael Schumacher had to say goodbye. a symbol of victory champagne did not drop for themselves, all sprayed to the look of his TIFOSIhh
no accidents, no expectations, no vista, only tears pouring down rain fly for Washington. 10 points the team returns, the return of the fans, and this is his fifth in Monza, Italy lift the trophy.
battle at Monza, after only China, Japan and Brazil three races , in the drivers championship, Michael Schumacher and Fernando Alonso came in first only a difference of 2 points in the team standings, Ferrari have 3 points ahead of Renault, or the school at the time of Schumacher last goodbye, He held up his eighth world title glory years, his team will once again become the king of F1.
Although prior exercise had in mind a number of times, but the words to his mouth was all Schumacher is so heavy, memories and say goodbye is so hard, people, of course, to make such a decision is not easy, especially in my present stage to obtain such a result, my work of engineers is so great, but that day may come when the hh In F1, Schumacher said, people forget the Seine, not people forget Ayrton Senna, Schumacher's brilliant, Schumacher's achievements, the miracle of Schumacher, Senna's history covered up. If Michael Jordan is synonymous with NBA Tiger Woods is the symbol of golf, it is the F1 legend Michael Schumacher.
us back together, and opened with a shiny golden legend is full of twists and turns yesterday, can be divided into three periods:
National Championship: 1987, Michael. Schumacher karting competition and won the championship, began his professional racing career In 1991, Schumacher first foray into F1, behalf of the Jordan team took part in the Belgian Grand Prix. His qualifying get the seventh, but the clutch failed, failed to finish in the race of 1992 and the first lap, Schumacher F1 podium 8 board, which stops in Belgium Grand Prix debut title. end of the season, he finished third with 53 points In 1994, Schumacher made his admiration the world, participating on behalf of his Benetton team defeated Williams F1 Ayrton Senna won the championship that year. In 1995, after the death of Ayrton Senna, Schumacher seems to be invincible, nine after the victory, Schumacher won his second F1 title.
encountered twists and turns: In 1996, Schumacher to Ferrari, but three seasons from 1996 to 1998, Schumacher has missed the year 1999 with the title, Schumacher is the less fortunate, the first stop Silverstone legs fractures.
create brilliant: the new century, Schumacher start page of the legendary 2000 season, in the penultimate race in Japan after Suzuka, Schumacher won his third world title for Ferrari in 21 years the team won the championship the first year. In the last leg of the race in Malaysia, he also won the annual team Ferrari .2001 championship, Ferrari and Michael Schumacher from the first leg of the Australian race to the last leg of race has been dominated in Japan . In 17 races, Schumacher broke numerous records, and 5 points in the penultimate race in Hungary earlier won his fourth world championship. to become a Grand Prix winning record for the highest number of , more than Alan. Prost's 52, and Juan. Manuel. Fangio's record of five world champions. stood up from the eleventh season until the end of the 2002 season, the German Star record again and again proved the strength of his championship .2003 season, Schumacher won his world title to .2004 season, Schumacher's performance as excellent five points ahead of Ferrari won the . In Belgian Grand Prix, he won four races in advance of the annual champion, and this is his seventh title of the drivers championship, and .2005 fifth consecutive championship season, dragged down by the tires and the car, only Schumacher U.S. stations to get a race winner, and that there were 14 cars Strike. this season he finally came in the first 3.2006 total score, the comeback of Michael Schumacher was once again brilliant in the time to say goodbye.
say goodbye 16 set F1 career, with that great achievement, with almost all F1 records, with their love of racing, Schumacher announced his retirement and we bid farewell.
ordinary life, a happy family Shenxianjuanlv
like animals
football Schumi Schumi
beach volleyball?
Schumacher F1 career debuted
* 1991 F1 track, and representing Jordan and Benetton team race.
* 1992 F1 season was completed, access to the drivers Points section 3.
* 1993 年 52 points out made the first score 4.
* 1994 defeat of the Hill won the world championship.
* 1995, on behalf of Benetton team won the world championship again.
* 1996 joined Ferrari previews Rider character, out of total No. 3.
* 1997 participated in F1 race, though points out the first 2, but accused of deliberately collided with Jacques Villeneuve was canceled under the results.
* 1998 participated in 86 points to obtain F1 race, but placing him No. 2.
* 1999 years due to severing the middle of the foot race accident occurred, and ultimately only get 44 points, a total score of 4 out .
* 2000 years of 21 years, Ferrari's first champion, also won the 车队总冠军.
2001 four years ahead of winning the drivers championship points, Schumacher write a glorious one so page.
* 2002, the Schumacher to the world's attention was focused on himself, his amazing performance, winning the 5th F1 drivers championship.
* 2003 does not play a few stops in the former ideal, but with the F2003-GA launch, Schumacher once again proved he is the God of today's cars, the success 6th win champion.
* 2004 continued in behalf of Ferrari race, no suspense 7th world championship win.
then bid farewell to Michael Schumacher, the end of a legend!
gone, finally said go.
legendary farewell this year seems to just get online in the United States mm away a legend Andre Agassi, tonight, we heard on the track Schumacher farewell sound.
Michael. Schumacher, F1's most successful driver in history, .244 races, seven world champions, 90 races and 68 pole positions, and even 37-year-old German driver will also gain the crown of his first eight. even if he decided to leave F1, he left F1 memory will long remain in the course of history . love him or hate him, can not forget. Agassi was helpless when to go, because he has been away from the title and the glory, Schumacher seems to still continues the legend of an era, he was holding the championship trophy to say goodbye.
In a was the only joy, should be carnival time, ahead of Michael Schumacher had to say goodbye. a symbol of victory champagne did not drop for themselves, all sprayed to the look of his TIFOSIhh
no accidents, no expectations, no vista, only tears pouring down rain fly for Washington. 10 points the team returns, the return of the fans, and this is his fifth in Monza, Italy lift the trophy.
battle at Monza, after only China, Japan and Brazil three races , in the drivers championship, Michael Schumacher and Fernando Alonso came in first only a difference of 2 points in the team standings, Ferrari have 3 points ahead of Renault, or the school at the time of Schumacher last goodbye, He held up his eighth world title glory years, his team will once again become the king of F1.
Although prior exercise had in mind a number of times, but the words to his mouth was all Schumacher is so heavy, memories and say goodbye is so hard, people, of course, to make such a decision is not easy, especially in my present stage to obtain such a result, my work of engineers is so great, but that day may come when the hh In F1, Schumacher said, people forget the Seine, not people forget Ayrton Senna, Schumacher's brilliant, Schumacher's achievements, the miracle of Schumacher, Senna's history covered up. If Michael Jordan is synonymous with NBA Tiger Woods is the symbol of golf, it is the F1 legend Michael Schumacher.
us back together, and opened with a shiny golden legend is full of twists and turns yesterday, can be divided into three periods:
National Championship: 1987, Michael. Schumacher karting competition and won the championship, began his professional racing career In 1991, Schumacher first foray into F1, behalf of the Jordan team took part in the Belgian Grand Prix. His qualifying get the seventh, but the clutch failed, failed to finish in the race of 1992 and the first lap, Schumacher F1 podium 8 board, which stops in Belgium Grand Prix debut title. end of the season, he finished third with 53 points In 1994, Schumacher made his admiration the world, participating on behalf of his Benetton team defeated Williams F1 Ayrton Senna won the championship that year. In 1995, after the death of Ayrton Senna, Schumacher seems to be invincible, nine after the victory, Schumacher won his second F1 title.
encountered twists and turns: In 1996, Schumacher to Ferrari, but three seasons from 1996 to 1998, Schumacher has missed the year 1999 with the title, Schumacher is the less fortunate, the first stop Silverstone legs fractures.
create brilliant: the new century, Schumacher start page of the legendary 2000 season, in the penultimate race in Japan after Suzuka, Schumacher won his third world title for Ferrari in 21 years the team won the championship the first year. In the last leg of the race in Malaysia, he also won the annual team Ferrari .2001 championship, Ferrari and Michael Schumacher from the first leg of the Australian race to the last leg of race has been dominated in Japan . In 17 races, Schumacher broke numerous records, and 5 points in the penultimate race in Hungary earlier won his fourth world championship. to become a Grand Prix winning record for the highest number of , more than Alan. Prost's 52, and Juan. Manuel. Fangio's record of five world champions. stood up from the eleventh season until the end of the 2002 season, the German Star record again and again proved the strength of his championship .2003 season, Schumacher won his world title to .2004 season, Schumacher's performance as excellent five points ahead of Ferrari won the . In Belgian Grand Prix, he won four races in advance of the annual champion, and this is his seventh title of the drivers championship, and .2005 fifth consecutive championship season, dragged down by the tires and the car, only Schumacher U.S. stations to get a race winner, and that there were 14 cars Strike. this season he finally came in the first 3.2006 total score, the comeback of Michael Schumacher was once again brilliant in the time to say goodbye.
say goodbye 16 set F1 career, with that great achievement, with almost all F1 records, with their love of racing, Schumacher announced his retirement and we bid farewell.
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
Political struggles and power struggle - Reinterpretation of the incident high-Rao (1)
1954 occurred in Minister of the near East China Bureau, first secretary of the CPC Central Committee Rao Shushi, suddenly became the Rao Shushi resolution anti-Party Alliance order out of chaos in all major cases since the founding of various vindicated and correct, put off the adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session, )
In fact, over half a century, this far-reaching impact on the ruling party's major historical events occurred during the origin and little known, is the history of the Chinese Communist Party has not been declassified a few major historical mystery. ()
This situation is caused by many reasons. First, the complexity of the event itself. Since the unknown outsider research, the Council, there are few real insiders, many of the victims unwittingly strayed into enough, the feel wrong for life. The second is the product of the political overlay the dust. The more intense, and often take the clear. Third, in the conclusion, the treatment is definitely the right time. can be said that the )
1991, the Bo issued a reflects the general outline of events, after the official history books, and more to the book as a master copy. but some of the joints of words in the book is unknown, and there pass the whitewash between the primary, leaving many historical mystery yet clear analysis. ()
because the following and see the old past, Chen said, the courage to play a source extension, the corner of the world saw the events surrounding the complex. such as the former deputy secretary of the Board at the second Northeast Zhang Xiushan and discipline head of the daughter of Zhang Ji Zhang Mingyuan Zhao Jialiang and the coauthor of Drafts and notes materials inspection, in Review historical data, through her tick Jue, the scattered fragments of eleven stitching together the history, basically reproduce the original appearance of this history. Although the book centers card too much, guess through the heavy, even at the Writing the history of injury, but the original provided valuable historical data, the disclosure of key details of many unknown, on the ; contains the ruling Communist power after the first high-level competition, a huge and far-reaching impact. This major event context clues to clarify the fundamental, may not only subvert the past, people's understanding of history, but also extends the history of the ruling Communist vision, to the founding of a major political party after the previous event provides a new interpretation of the path. and when high, Rao ; the charges no longer valid, out. Professor Lin Yunhui light of these new historical writing on the into research, innovation masterpiece. [4] ()
economic recovery began to go to large-scale economic construction. In the political line, China began the transition from New Democracy to socialism, a comprehensive introduction of the Soviet planned economy system; in the state system, from central and regional levels, separation of powers transition to highly centralized system of centralized leadership structure, the ruling party began a new round of power redistribution. In the history of the transition process, the various conflicts focused on the ruling party, appears in the ;, both the concept of conflict and conflict of interest rule, political struggles, and the dual nature of the struggle for power. The right of the political struggle and fight, mutual stalemate, interacts, yin and yang, cross, is our interpretation of key. ()
one line of the political struggles of the founding of
ideas from the country perspective, how to build socialism society's policy is clear; of China to the Soviet model as an example, to achieve the future of socialism, is also very clear. Therefore, the party of differences, originally from the )
democratic system of society in Marxist theory is not typical of a very without words, is the original theoretical concept of the communist revolution. on the basis that pre-modern Chinese society is still in the stage production was developed .1945 Seven of the CPC held, had identified a the working people of the individual economic and cooperative economy, must let the private capitalist economy can not be manipulated in the context of national life to facilitate access to development in order to benefit the community forward. > However, the Chinese Communists came to power, adhere to democratic rule on whether the problem line, political differences within the party after another, in practice some of the conflicts occurred. The political differences between Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi albeit represented, but also in the party between the high and middle cadres. which both recognize the differences, there are policy discord, but also to history conflicts .1954 factions within the party occurred in the of a major inner-party struggle. ()
adhere to and do not adhere to democratic nation-building strategy, is both a problem of the ruling party's political line, but also a productivity standard. In the early Communist power, the party has made any arguments many times, and lead to factional differences. are: ()
1949 �� 4 months, on Liu Shaoqi's electricity ()
1950 year, on the northeast rich peasants party debate on the issue. Gao's view is that party members do not allow workers, lenders and other exploitation. Central Organization Department of the view that workers alone can allow members to mobilize the production of farmers initiative. Shaoqi support the Central Organization Department of the view that the rich peasants, members appear not horrible. and Gao views are supported by Mao Zedong. ()
1951 years, a debate about the mutual assistance and cooperation on agriculture. Shaoqi support the views of North China Bureau , criticized the rush to deny the Shanxi Provincial economic point of view of individual farmers is advice and support of Shanxi Provincial Committee, and then proceed to promote agricultural mutual assistance and cooperation to do. Soon, Gao Mao submitted to the Co-operative movement in northeast rural production report, Mao Zedong spoke highly of the report, and forwarded to the person with comments on around. ()
1951, the principle of trade union work on the debate on the issue. Zihui, Li Lisan, Liu Shaoqi and other unions should be able to claim the interests of workers and the country's interests. Finally, Li Lisan, Mao presided over the work of the National Federation of Trade Unions were severely criticized, eliminating the need for the duties of Li Lisan in the Union. ()
in these arguments, Mao and Gao Gang exactly the same position and point of view, the work of Gao Gang and Northeastern praise for me. northeast into the building early, ahead of the work in the nation. Zedong repeatedly experience the Northeast wholesale across the country. Gao frequently score in the same time, Liu Shaoqi they frequently lose points, and constantly criticized by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi always keep up with politics is very unhappy. and then linked to the past, some of the things, such as problems in 1947 land reform ; Nuenue seat then free to express their opinions. [10] in the the. ()
entered the Korean War armistice negotiations, the second half of 1952, Mao Zedong and the CPC Central Committee and preparing large-scale national economic construction and brewing question how the transition to socialism in October .1953, Liu Fu Su During the nineteenth largest participate in the CPSU, the CPC Central Committee report to Stalin of transition envisaged by Stalin's approval .1953 Mao Zedong formally presented to the whole Party and people of the general line for the transition period. ()
general line of the proposed transition period means that the Chinese Communists to abandon the founding of the past and routes. This is a the track is bound to involve many of the early days of the evaluation and understanding of policy issues. As a specific formulation of these policies and the operator of Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, who, along with the general line of the proposed transition period, immediately plunged into a political embarrassment passive position. Gao was to take the lead, has always maintained a political agreement with Mao, a political Reds. ()
more importantly, the strategy of the founding of high-level change not only led to political differences, More to the conflict in the ruling party in many ways.
one, the legal aspects of the conflict.
Communist government during the actual construction there are two legal system. First Party legitimacy, that is, two Seventh CPC Plenary Session of the policy orientations; Second, the state's legal system, that is, the CPC and other democratic parties, mass organizations of the CPPCC held jointly develop a Common Program side, the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh CPC resolution are more authoritative. The Second Session of the Seventh resolution duality. the basic spirit of the resolution is established under the new democratic social system based on the initial industrialization of the country and then to the community changes in doctrine; the same time, the resolution also proposed the contradiction between the working class and the bourgeoisie is the basic contradiction, also expressed the need to regard the fight against the bourgeoisie. As said Yu Guangyuan: Second Session of the Seventh resolution implementation, you can also perform as and others
on after the founding of the working class and the bourgeoisie is the basic contradiction of the views of Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi no different. Shaoqi may speak earlier. In the September 1948 meeting of the Politburo, Liu has been made this problem. In the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh, Liu Shaoqi and the working class is the fundamental contradiction between the bourgeoisie spoke there are many contradictions and problems, weight is also important. He insisted starting from productivity standards, as a distant socialist about the future. Liu believed that at least engage in a decade or two of the new democratic society, and strive to mobilize the common development of various economic sectors, the production of enthusiasm, did not favor elimination of the capitalist economy and individual economy's radical policies. Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai other people's point of view, in short, is attack, the situation when building, in the long war, the state of the business undone, urban and rural community needs to recuperate, and reality of conflict.
Mao Zedong was the founder of the new democratic theory, and engage in a period of time after the founding of the new democratic society began to be endorsed. in the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh CPC, Mao Zedong put forward the More is to use the power of the state power to weaken the social basis of the private economy, and enhance the strength of state-owned economy. Once the conditions are ripe to seize the opportunity to achieve the transition to socialism. ()
eager to transition to socialism under Mao The mentality is undoubtedly a kind of surging demand realism. because the ideology of the world communist movement, only entered the socialist society of the country, in order to have full two pounds less than the right to speak. So, when the regime down to a solid, Mao Zedong anxious to remove the new democratic hat, the implementation strategy for the transition to socialism. Moreover, the nature of the planned economy of the controlled economy during the war. For the war had just come out from the Chinese Communist Party cadres and the peasants, the level of experience is more customary, more acceptable This great unification of the system. ()
in the issue of transition to socialism, Mao's the difference between short-term, there is a fundamental difference on change Lilu. ie: is productivity the criteria for entering the socialist? or to enter the socialist relations of production as a standard? both of Leeds in the Isle of Man found in their classic basis. This can be seen all at the Farmers Cooperative Strategy for Mao, Liu, different perceptions. Mao was first collectivization, forced to go to individual farmers, , so that farmers voluntarily took the road of co-operative. This is a level of development of productive forces, rational approach to the social nature of the decision. Therefore, Mao Zedong's victory in the transition theory, constant change makes the relations of production inevitable logic of its theoretical development. ()
Fourth, the program procedures for rational and non-rational conflict.
democratic society on the issue, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai is a rational awareness program leaders, adhere to the seven from the CCP, the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh CPC, the of governance, not lightly the transition to socialism. Zedong is a lack of rational consciousness, inside and outside without the full deliberation and discussion, and no referendum on the political agenda of modern procedures to be easily changed the country's major policies . ()
However, the construction of routes from the new democratic transition period to the general line up, one move is not made easy. not only the unity of the whole Party and people have thought of turning a process of national policies also have a convergence and adjustment problems. as Mao always stressed: Cadres unity. The unity of thought in the process, the master policy of the central government departments and be the first. It will definitely have to involve the early days of the appointment of cadres configuration, disputes and grievances within the party factions adjustment of the pattern of interests . ()
a result, the ruling Communist leadership there after the first serious power struggle.
Second, the Soviet partisan
the party and the white area in the Gao is one count of distribution of the party into This fact in itself, demonstrate the interest in building distribution pattern after administration, the party cadres did widespread peasant discontent considerable. ()
Communist revolution, is composed of many relatively independent of each ; hill The two largest the Central Soviet, Soviet Henan, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, West of area, Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet and other leadership group. In 1945 the CPC Seventh Plenary Session of history through the first resolution, the party's correct line Mao Zedong was the representative of the base, Liu Shaoqi was the party's correct line representatives in the White areas, Mao Zedong's first assistant and successors. [16] Communist seven, Mao Zedong to achieve unity within the party, in organizing Central Committee, and take the recognition of the hills, the hills to take care of compromise. ()
and when the Chinese communists as the ruling party, from ideology to the organization have a transition from revolution to construction problems.
1, row of seating problems.
the main body of Communist cadres in the long revolutionary war environment of rural farmers to break out. the seizure of power After trying to conquer the team as the team take the world; of the city without the knowledge of modern living farmers to cadres, turned into managers of the city and the modern economy. The great span of history. grasp the complexity of the modern state apparatus is a precise work by no means comparable to what strikes the need to establish professional, knowledgeable of the naturally higher levels of the party some cultures, the modern economic knowledge more cadres. Most of these cadres from the White areas system. party cadres worked in the White areas, modern urban life experiences, the higher cultural level, broad perspective, more than the base and military cadres have the advantage of knowledge management of the country. This brought about a configuration of state power change in composition. to conquer the world through the base and the military, the world is the white area to take another call, and this inevitably bases and military cadres to be some sense of loss. ()
the Central People's Government, on behalf of the Chinese Communists into the government's Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and other Chinese leaders, have a rich white area of work experience. Administration Council ministerial-level cadres in charge of , White areas cadres accounted for a large proportion. in particular a number of important positions Liu rescued from prison by his long-term working relationship and the Northern Bureau of the CCP cadres, such as Peng Zhen, Bo Yibo, Ziwen, Liu Lan Tao, Liu Lu Yan , Hu Xikui and others, have served as senior positions. Peng Zhen, in charge of the organization and personnel power Ziwen, Bo Yibo charge of financial power. [17] ()
the formation of this pattern, not only because the work had a white area experienced cadres familiar with the city's cultural and economic life, more competent national administration, there are other reasons. First of all, the early days of the central government has the nature of the coalition government, and many Democrats into the government. Communist cadres in charge of sending the inevitable appropriate selection of the higher cultural level, more familiar with the work of the city, to communicate with the outside candidates. Second, the Central People's Government of North China People's Government is set up based in the central sector of the North China Bureau of cadres to the natural than it . In addition, with a rather narrow circle of Liu Shaoqi employing there is a certain relationship. ()
conditions in the long revolutionary war, the army and the base has been relatively cadres and cadres divide white area, white area and the revolutionary contribution to the hard work do not quite understand. New in the takeover, the club is the base outside the northern-based cadres and military cadres, cadres of local white area is generally only accompany second seat. but the work of central government departments, but most of them came from the white area in North China Bureau of cadres. These White areas a large number of cadres into the central government departments, is bound to cause a considerable number of bases and military cadres, psychological imbalance. particularly those who have According to the State Department Yaojin into the very discontent. ()
2, differences in ideology.
Marxist-Leninist Communist China is to organize modern political philosophy of the modern revolutionary party. In the The cadres of peasant origin, is more of a revolutionary mobilization of the masses played an important role. But when the Chinese revolution in real-time, this small-scale egalitarian ideology is absolutely the equally split between the extremes on April 1 .1948, Mao-Sui cadres conference speech to this mindset as br> 1948 �� 7 27, the CPC Central Committee's questions and answers mail to Xinhua News Agency, explained in detail the views of Mao Zedong's socialist agriculture. The article points out: small-scale peasant agriculture on the basis of socialism is generated in an egalitarian ideology attempt to use the standard small-to understand and transform the world, not only to undermine the feudal land property relations, but also undermine the freedom of capitalist property relations; not only to divide the semi-feudal land of feudal property, and all other land and property of persons, but also split the business, and such all equally called l the Communist r, otherwise known as socialism l r greatly reduced productivity and regressive. economic competition, the emergence of new rich peasants and the new class division, in the new democratic society, productivity argument, expounded the collectivization, to socialism is possible. ()
Chinese Communists came to power in 1949, Mao Zedong was no longer refers to ; the idea, very wary of the rise within the party absolute risk of the average, some words have made it very heavy. as he did in July 3, 1951 to the Shanxi Provincial Committee of the comment is in some people to severe criticism within the party attempted to use the mutual aid cooperative approach to prevent and avoid the spontaneous forces of the Rural land reform and class differentiation, that rational understanding of the law of development. However, farmers have a hard time cadres came to this rational knowledge.
peasant cadres within the party, and its growth environment and modern industrial civilization are far apart, and the local tyrants, sub-field in the Soviet planned economy, the limited knowledge. So, behind closed environment of rural life experience, experience and knowledge base of the revolution ...
In fact, over half a century, this far-reaching impact on the ruling party's major historical events occurred during the origin and little known, is the history of the Chinese Communist Party has not been declassified a few major historical mystery. ()
This situation is caused by many reasons. First, the complexity of the event itself. Since the unknown outsider research, the Council, there are few real insiders, many of the victims unwittingly strayed into enough, the feel wrong for life. The second is the product of the political overlay the dust. The more intense, and often take the clear. Third, in the conclusion, the treatment is definitely the right time. can be said that the )
1991, the Bo issued a reflects the general outline of events, after the official history books, and more to the book as a master copy. but some of the joints of words in the book is unknown, and there pass the whitewash between the primary, leaving many historical mystery yet clear analysis. ()
because the following and see the old past, Chen said, the courage to play a source extension, the corner of the world saw the events surrounding the complex. such as the former deputy secretary of the Board at the second Northeast Zhang Xiushan and discipline head of the daughter of Zhang Ji Zhang Mingyuan Zhao Jialiang and the coauthor of Drafts and notes materials inspection, in Review historical data, through her tick Jue, the scattered fragments of eleven stitching together the history, basically reproduce the original appearance of this history. Although the book centers card too much, guess through the heavy, even at the Writing the history of injury, but the original provided valuable historical data, the disclosure of key details of many unknown, on the ; contains the ruling Communist power after the first high-level competition, a huge and far-reaching impact. This major event context clues to clarify the fundamental, may not only subvert the past, people's understanding of history, but also extends the history of the ruling Communist vision, to the founding of a major political party after the previous event provides a new interpretation of the path. and when high, Rao ; the charges no longer valid, out. Professor Lin Yunhui light of these new historical writing on the into research, innovation masterpiece. [4] ()
economic recovery began to go to large-scale economic construction. In the political line, China began the transition from New Democracy to socialism, a comprehensive introduction of the Soviet planned economy system; in the state system, from central and regional levels, separation of powers transition to highly centralized system of centralized leadership structure, the ruling party began a new round of power redistribution. In the history of the transition process, the various conflicts focused on the ruling party, appears in the ;, both the concept of conflict and conflict of interest rule, political struggles, and the dual nature of the struggle for power. The right of the political struggle and fight, mutual stalemate, interacts, yin and yang, cross, is our interpretation of key. ()
one line of the political struggles of the founding of
ideas from the country perspective, how to build socialism society's policy is clear; of China to the Soviet model as an example, to achieve the future of socialism, is also very clear. Therefore, the party of differences, originally from the )
democratic system of society in Marxist theory is not typical of a very without words, is the original theoretical concept of the communist revolution. on the basis that pre-modern Chinese society is still in the stage production was developed .1945 Seven of the CPC held, had identified a the working people of the individual economic and cooperative economy, must let the private capitalist economy can not be manipulated in the context of national life to facilitate access to development in order to benefit the community forward. > However, the Chinese Communists came to power, adhere to democratic rule on whether the problem line, political differences within the party after another, in practice some of the conflicts occurred. The political differences between Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi albeit represented, but also in the party between the high and middle cadres. which both recognize the differences, there are policy discord, but also to history conflicts .1954 factions within the party occurred in the of a major inner-party struggle. ()
adhere to and do not adhere to democratic nation-building strategy, is both a problem of the ruling party's political line, but also a productivity standard. In the early Communist power, the party has made any arguments many times, and lead to factional differences. are: ()
1949 �� 4 months, on Liu Shaoqi's electricity ()
1950 year, on the northeast rich peasants party debate on the issue. Gao's view is that party members do not allow workers, lenders and other exploitation. Central Organization Department of the view that workers alone can allow members to mobilize the production of farmers initiative. Shaoqi support the Central Organization Department of the view that the rich peasants, members appear not horrible. and Gao views are supported by Mao Zedong. ()
1951 years, a debate about the mutual assistance and cooperation on agriculture. Shaoqi support the views of North China Bureau , criticized the rush to deny the Shanxi Provincial economic point of view of individual farmers is advice and support of Shanxi Provincial Committee, and then proceed to promote agricultural mutual assistance and cooperation to do. Soon, Gao Mao submitted to the Co-operative movement in northeast rural production report, Mao Zedong spoke highly of the report, and forwarded to the person with comments on around. ()
1951, the principle of trade union work on the debate on the issue. Zihui, Li Lisan, Liu Shaoqi and other unions should be able to claim the interests of workers and the country's interests. Finally, Li Lisan, Mao presided over the work of the National Federation of Trade Unions were severely criticized, eliminating the need for the duties of Li Lisan in the Union. ()
in these arguments, Mao and Gao Gang exactly the same position and point of view, the work of Gao Gang and Northeastern praise for me. northeast into the building early, ahead of the work in the nation. Zedong repeatedly experience the Northeast wholesale across the country. Gao frequently score in the same time, Liu Shaoqi they frequently lose points, and constantly criticized by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi always keep up with politics is very unhappy. and then linked to the past, some of the things, such as problems in 1947 land reform ; Nuenue seat then free to express their opinions. [10] in the the. ()
entered the Korean War armistice negotiations, the second half of 1952, Mao Zedong and the CPC Central Committee and preparing large-scale national economic construction and brewing question how the transition to socialism in October .1953, Liu Fu Su During the nineteenth largest participate in the CPSU, the CPC Central Committee report to Stalin of transition envisaged by Stalin's approval .1953 Mao Zedong formally presented to the whole Party and people of the general line for the transition period. ()
general line of the proposed transition period means that the Chinese Communists to abandon the founding of the past and routes. This is a the track is bound to involve many of the early days of the evaluation and understanding of policy issues. As a specific formulation of these policies and the operator of Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, who, along with the general line of the proposed transition period, immediately plunged into a political embarrassment passive position. Gao was to take the lead, has always maintained a political agreement with Mao, a political Reds. ()
more importantly, the strategy of the founding of high-level change not only led to political differences, More to the conflict in the ruling party in many ways.
one, the legal aspects of the conflict.
Communist government during the actual construction there are two legal system. First Party legitimacy, that is, two Seventh CPC Plenary Session of the policy orientations; Second, the state's legal system, that is, the CPC and other democratic parties, mass organizations of the CPPCC held jointly develop a Common Program side, the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh CPC resolution are more authoritative. The Second Session of the Seventh resolution duality. the basic spirit of the resolution is established under the new democratic social system based on the initial industrialization of the country and then to the community changes in doctrine; the same time, the resolution also proposed the contradiction between the working class and the bourgeoisie is the basic contradiction, also expressed the need to regard the fight against the bourgeoisie. As said Yu Guangyuan: Second Session of the Seventh resolution implementation, you can also perform as and others
on after the founding of the working class and the bourgeoisie is the basic contradiction of the views of Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi no different. Shaoqi may speak earlier. In the September 1948 meeting of the Politburo, Liu has been made this problem. In the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh, Liu Shaoqi and the working class is the fundamental contradiction between the bourgeoisie spoke there are many contradictions and problems, weight is also important. He insisted starting from productivity standards, as a distant socialist about the future. Liu believed that at least engage in a decade or two of the new democratic society, and strive to mobilize the common development of various economic sectors, the production of enthusiasm, did not favor elimination of the capitalist economy and individual economy's radical policies. Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai other people's point of view, in short, is attack, the situation when building, in the long war, the state of the business undone, urban and rural community needs to recuperate, and reality of conflict.
Mao Zedong was the founder of the new democratic theory, and engage in a period of time after the founding of the new democratic society began to be endorsed. in the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh CPC, Mao Zedong put forward the More is to use the power of the state power to weaken the social basis of the private economy, and enhance the strength of state-owned economy. Once the conditions are ripe to seize the opportunity to achieve the transition to socialism. ()
eager to transition to socialism under Mao The mentality is undoubtedly a kind of surging demand realism. because the ideology of the world communist movement, only entered the socialist society of the country, in order to have full two pounds less than the right to speak. So, when the regime down to a solid, Mao Zedong anxious to remove the new democratic hat, the implementation strategy for the transition to socialism. Moreover, the nature of the planned economy of the controlled economy during the war. For the war had just come out from the Chinese Communist Party cadres and the peasants, the level of experience is more customary, more acceptable This great unification of the system. ()
in the issue of transition to socialism, Mao's the difference between short-term, there is a fundamental difference on change Lilu. ie: is productivity the criteria for entering the socialist? or to enter the socialist relations of production as a standard? both of Leeds in the Isle of Man found in their classic basis. This can be seen all at the Farmers Cooperative Strategy for Mao, Liu, different perceptions. Mao was first collectivization, forced to go to individual farmers, , so that farmers voluntarily took the road of co-operative. This is a level of development of productive forces, rational approach to the social nature of the decision. Therefore, Mao Zedong's victory in the transition theory, constant change makes the relations of production inevitable logic of its theoretical development. ()
Fourth, the program procedures for rational and non-rational conflict.
democratic society on the issue, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai is a rational awareness program leaders, adhere to the seven from the CCP, the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh CPC, the of governance, not lightly the transition to socialism. Zedong is a lack of rational consciousness, inside and outside without the full deliberation and discussion, and no referendum on the political agenda of modern procedures to be easily changed the country's major policies . ()
However, the construction of routes from the new democratic transition period to the general line up, one move is not made easy. not only the unity of the whole Party and people have thought of turning a process of national policies also have a convergence and adjustment problems. as Mao always stressed: Cadres unity. The unity of thought in the process, the master policy of the central government departments and be the first. It will definitely have to involve the early days of the appointment of cadres configuration, disputes and grievances within the party factions adjustment of the pattern of interests . ()
a result, the ruling Communist leadership there after the first serious power struggle.
Second, the Soviet partisan
the party and the white area in the Gao is one count of distribution of the party into This fact in itself, demonstrate the interest in building distribution pattern after administration, the party cadres did widespread peasant discontent considerable. ()
Communist revolution, is composed of many relatively independent of each ; hill The two largest the Central Soviet, Soviet Henan, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, West of area, Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet and other leadership group. In 1945 the CPC Seventh Plenary Session of history through the first resolution, the party's correct line Mao Zedong was the representative of the base, Liu Shaoqi was the party's correct line representatives in the White areas, Mao Zedong's first assistant and successors. [16] Communist seven, Mao Zedong to achieve unity within the party, in organizing Central Committee, and take the recognition of the hills, the hills to take care of compromise. ()
and when the Chinese communists as the ruling party, from ideology to the organization have a transition from revolution to construction problems.
1, row of seating problems.
the main body of Communist cadres in the long revolutionary war environment of rural farmers to break out. the seizure of power After trying to conquer the team as the team take the world; of the city without the knowledge of modern living farmers to cadres, turned into managers of the city and the modern economy. The great span of history. grasp the complexity of the modern state apparatus is a precise work by no means comparable to what strikes the need to establish professional, knowledgeable of the naturally higher levels of the party some cultures, the modern economic knowledge more cadres. Most of these cadres from the White areas system. party cadres worked in the White areas, modern urban life experiences, the higher cultural level, broad perspective, more than the base and military cadres have the advantage of knowledge management of the country. This brought about a configuration of state power change in composition. to conquer the world through the base and the military, the world is the white area to take another call, and this inevitably bases and military cadres to be some sense of loss. ()
the Central People's Government, on behalf of the Chinese Communists into the government's Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and other Chinese leaders, have a rich white area of work experience. Administration Council ministerial-level cadres in charge of , White areas cadres accounted for a large proportion. in particular a number of important positions Liu rescued from prison by his long-term working relationship and the Northern Bureau of the CCP cadres, such as Peng Zhen, Bo Yibo, Ziwen, Liu Lan Tao, Liu Lu Yan , Hu Xikui and others, have served as senior positions. Peng Zhen, in charge of the organization and personnel power Ziwen, Bo Yibo charge of financial power. [17] ()
the formation of this pattern, not only because the work had a white area experienced cadres familiar with the city's cultural and economic life, more competent national administration, there are other reasons. First of all, the early days of the central government has the nature of the coalition government, and many Democrats into the government. Communist cadres in charge of sending the inevitable appropriate selection of the higher cultural level, more familiar with the work of the city, to communicate with the outside candidates. Second, the Central People's Government of North China People's Government is set up based in the central sector of the North China Bureau of cadres to the natural than it . In addition, with a rather narrow circle of Liu Shaoqi employing there is a certain relationship. ()
conditions in the long revolutionary war, the army and the base has been relatively cadres and cadres divide white area, white area and the revolutionary contribution to the hard work do not quite understand. New in the takeover, the club is the base outside the northern-based cadres and military cadres, cadres of local white area is generally only accompany second seat. but the work of central government departments, but most of them came from the white area in North China Bureau of cadres. These White areas a large number of cadres into the central government departments, is bound to cause a considerable number of bases and military cadres, psychological imbalance. particularly those who have According to the State Department Yaojin into the very discontent. ()
2, differences in ideology.
Marxist-Leninist Communist China is to organize modern political philosophy of the modern revolutionary party. In the The cadres of peasant origin, is more of a revolutionary mobilization of the masses played an important role. But when the Chinese revolution in real-time, this small-scale egalitarian ideology is absolutely the equally split between the extremes on April 1 .1948, Mao-Sui cadres conference speech to this mindset as br> 1948 �� 7 27, the CPC Central Committee's questions and answers mail to Xinhua News Agency, explained in detail the views of Mao Zedong's socialist agriculture. The article points out: small-scale peasant agriculture on the basis of socialism is generated in an egalitarian ideology attempt to use the standard small-to understand and transform the world, not only to undermine the feudal land property relations, but also undermine the freedom of capitalist property relations; not only to divide the semi-feudal land of feudal property, and all other land and property of persons, but also split the business, and such all equally called l the Communist r, otherwise known as socialism l r greatly reduced productivity and regressive. economic competition, the emergence of new rich peasants and the new class division, in the new democratic society, productivity argument, expounded the collectivization, to socialism is possible. ()
Chinese Communists came to power in 1949, Mao Zedong was no longer refers to ; the idea, very wary of the rise within the party absolute risk of the average, some words have made it very heavy. as he did in July 3, 1951 to the Shanxi Provincial Committee of the comment is in some people to severe criticism within the party attempted to use the mutual aid cooperative approach to prevent and avoid the spontaneous forces of the Rural land reform and class differentiation, that rational understanding of the law of development. However, farmers have a hard time cadres came to this rational knowledge.
peasant cadres within the party, and its growth environment and modern industrial civilization are far apart, and the local tyrants, sub-field in the Soviet planned economy, the limited knowledge. So, behind closed environment of rural life experience, experience and knowledge base of the revolution ...
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
Expect to fight for the rights of others is how things do not fly
Wang Pan
these two days, to 42%, and a declining trend, the proportion is steadily rising returns on capital in our initial distribution mm, workers keep up with growth in corporate profits, wage growth is a common phenomenon, and corporate wealth was to the Capitals (Dec. 3 People's Daily This notification to regulate the financial welfare but also for some high-benefit type of monopoly, the state-owned enterprises (December 4, and negative, pull a draw. In actual fact, capital gains too, is in the private sector, the boss is an individual; labor income is too large, then the state monopoly industries such as utilities and other state-owned or state-owned telecommunications holding company, the boss of all taxpayers, the boss is the people across the country suffer a disadvantage.
I made myself clear now? That is, capital gains regardless of the private sector is too large, or state-owned or state-owned holding company's labor income is too large, are we the people suffer . the former, we work hard to create value, most of the bosses plunder; the latter, as the state-owned or state-owned holding company's shareholders, was originally part of our capital gains, are business executives, employees and other insiders to non-standard non-standard wages and benefits, crept into the personal pockets.
the former, we as workers, unable to compete with the powerful capital strength, because of our union can not really help us with the capital of the negotiations, engage in wage consultation, because the relevant laws and regulations protecting labor rights does not always perform perfectly, we had to endure more and more capital gains, less the reality of labor income; the latter, we nominally state-owned or state-owned holding enterprises the investors, the boss, but our investors, the boss does not directly advocate the exercise of the power of capital, and only through the country, more of the SAC to help us exercise this agent, name, our presence can be a matter of fact, we can not decide, which resulted in state-owned or state-owned holding company's internal human occupation of our interests, by chance, our SAC, and the exercise of shareholder rights on behalf of our various State departments, and he likes to blind status.
Look to you? If you do not control mechanism, the power to the people, expect others to help us fight for their interests, it is a matter how shaky. The former face of large capital gains, the current union can not help us to rely on negotiations, movement for labor income; the latter, the face of state-owned or state-owned holding enterprises within the human self to share, instead of us to exercise our shareholder rights in the state sector, although this will often, as the Ministry of Finance, as from time to time regulate the industry about state monopoly wages and benefits from time to time shouting about , capital gains is too large, labor income is too low; state-owned enterprises that benefit people with oversized interior, the low status of capital gains taxpayers to resolve once and for all, unlike now, every time before, the thermal shouted twice, once to the meeting, still the old way.
these two days, to 42%, and a declining trend, the proportion is steadily rising returns on capital in our initial distribution mm, workers keep up with growth in corporate profits, wage growth is a common phenomenon, and corporate wealth was to the Capitals (Dec. 3 People's Daily This notification to regulate the financial welfare but also for some high-benefit type of monopoly, the state-owned enterprises (December 4, and negative, pull a draw. In actual fact, capital gains too, is in the private sector, the boss is an individual; labor income is too large, then the state monopoly industries such as utilities and other state-owned or state-owned telecommunications holding company, the boss of all taxpayers, the boss is the people across the country suffer a disadvantage.
I made myself clear now? That is, capital gains regardless of the private sector is too large, or state-owned or state-owned holding company's labor income is too large, are we the people suffer . the former, we work hard to create value, most of the bosses plunder; the latter, as the state-owned or state-owned holding company's shareholders, was originally part of our capital gains, are business executives, employees and other insiders to non-standard non-standard wages and benefits, crept into the personal pockets.
the former, we as workers, unable to compete with the powerful capital strength, because of our union can not really help us with the capital of the negotiations, engage in wage consultation, because the relevant laws and regulations protecting labor rights does not always perform perfectly, we had to endure more and more capital gains, less the reality of labor income; the latter, we nominally state-owned or state-owned holding enterprises the investors, the boss, but our investors, the boss does not directly advocate the exercise of the power of capital, and only through the country, more of the SAC to help us exercise this agent, name, our presence can be a matter of fact, we can not decide, which resulted in state-owned or state-owned holding company's internal human occupation of our interests, by chance, our SAC, and the exercise of shareholder rights on behalf of our various State departments, and he likes to blind status.
Look to you? If you do not control mechanism, the power to the people, expect others to help us fight for their interests, it is a matter how shaky. The former face of large capital gains, the current union can not help us to rely on negotiations, movement for labor income; the latter, the face of state-owned or state-owned holding enterprises within the human self to share, instead of us to exercise our shareholder rights in the state sector, although this will often, as the Ministry of Finance, as from time to time regulate the industry about state monopoly wages and benefits from time to time shouting about , capital gains is too large, labor income is too low; state-owned enterprises that benefit people with oversized interior, the low status of capital gains taxpayers to resolve once and for all, unlike now, every time before, the thermal shouted twice, once to the meeting, still the old way.
Monday, December 20, 2010
What is a democracy (3)
Democratic civic culture
democratic culture and the system is not just the sum of its internal. A healthy democracy depends on the development of democratic civic culture. Diane. Leiwei Qi pointed out that, in this sense , democracy does not refer to art, literature or music, but to define the ability of people who self-government practices, customs and norms.
she wrote: regime to create a docile obedient citizens, on the contrary, democratic society, civic culture by individuals and groups choose the activities of the decision. a free society citizens to pursue their own interests, exercise their rights and for their own life responsibility. They decided to do their own type of work, where to live, whether to join a particular political party and read what books and so on. These are private decisions, not political decisions. and film performance of social and cultural art forms are also independent of the Government. democratic social support or encourage artists writers, but will not set standards for the arts will not make efforts to assess the value of art or the art review of methods of expression. The artist is not State employees or servants. democratic society is the main contribution to the freedom of artistic freedom to create,UGG boots clearance, test, and explore the world of human thought and spirit.
of education for democracy and education are important to any part of society, For the democratic society in particular. As Thomas. as Jefferson wrote: there will be something. analytical ability and understanding of laws and practices of democracy. Vanderbilt Professor of little Chester. Finn to educators, speech in Nicaragua, said: not born knowing that they and their children can receive a free society and political system, h, and learning that they must master the knowledge. force regime indoctrination and teach people the values of political neutrality is not enough. It is impossible: because all education, whether intentional or unintentional, will transmit values. the spirit of open questions is itself an important democratic values, In that spirit can indeed teach students the principles of democracy. Meanwhile, democratic education system to encourage students to use a reasonable and prudent research points to challenge traditional thinking, which may lead to heated arguments, but a textbook democracy should not ignore the unpleasant or controversial events or facts.
Finn said: ability to maintain and improve the system of government relies heavily on the education they have experienced the quality and performance. We can fairly say that in a democratic country, freedom of education can make to grow over time. and consensus
has all kinds of human desires, they are sometimes contradictory. people want security, but adventurous; they want personal freedom, but requires social equality.
democracy, too, recognize the many pressures and even contradictory exist in every democratic society is very important. Larry. Diamond But is it a set of rules for handling conflicts. At the same time, the conflict must be resolved within the limits specified in order to reach a compromise. biased towards any party may destroy the balance of the whole community. If each group to fight for their democracy as a merely requirements of the forum, then, the society may be divided from within. If the government imposed a consensus too much pressure, suppress the voice of the people, then social pressure can be crushed from above.
conflict resolution and There is no single or easy way. democracy is not one to enter the correct principles and procedures for the operation automatically after the machine. democratic society requires the support of citizens, need them to recognize the inevitable conflict and the necessary tolerance.
democratic society Many conflicts are not clear For example: to allocate a certain percentage of the work has been discriminated against minority groups correct? countries have the right to buy someone strong residential land to the laying of a much-needed road? when the society in the name of the protection of wild forest logging ban, at the expense of timber industry for a living rely on the livelihoods of small communities and undermine its economy, whose rights should prevail? If the police stop and search people at random to combat drug trafficking, which is a violation of the rights of citizens or to protect the social rights?
These are not easy to deal with the problem, only the broad principles of democracy and the analysis of these issues are described in the guide. In fact, the answer may change over time. It is for this reason, the development of a democratic culture is very important. individuals and groups must be at least willing to tolerate their differences, have solid understanding of each other's rights and legal point of view. debate parties, whether in local neighborhoods or national parliaments, should meet the spirit of compromise, to seek a based majority rule and minority interests to take care of the general principle of specific solutions, in some cases, a formal vote is necessary, but very often, groups achieved through debate and compromise or settlement of an informal consensus. These program also have the advantage of helping the parties to establish the trust needed to solve future problems.
Diane. Leiwei Qi pointed out that to negotiate, compromise and cooperation. differences of opinion through a partnership of groups, you can learn how to argue in a peaceful manner, the method of how the pursuit of democratic goals, and ultimately learn how to live in a pluralistic world. Democracy is not a constant revelation of truth, but a mechanism to seek the truth. Since this mechanism, it is thought through conflict and compromise, and personal conflict and compromise with the institutions to find the truth, though may not be perfect to do to this point. Democracy is pragmatic. perspectives and solutions to problems not by rigid ideology to test, but in the real world test, in this world, you can view and discussed ways to solve the problem, change , accepted or rejected.
autonomy can not guarantee that the people do not make mistakes, not the end of ethnic conflicts, there is no guarantee of economic prosperity, but in any case, it is wrong to allow that debate to identify and validate, to allow groups meet to resolve differences, and provide reform and investment opportunities, which is the driving force of economic growth.
democracy and democratic government for authoritarian power
and critics, they all share a common democratic misconception that It lacks the ability to suppress, but also the lack of rule of power. This view is fundamentally flawed: the democratic system by asking the Government to limit the power, rather than the weakened. Throughout the long process of history, although in the past decade of democracy recovery to create an advantage, but the fact of democracy is still fragile and small. democratic system can not free from the impact of tide of history; they collapsed due to political failure, internal division and decline, or the subversion of the invasion of foreign enemies. But history has also proved stubborn resilience of democracy, shows commitment to the people and knowledgeable as the contribution of democracy to overcome the serious economic difficulties, to reconcile the split between social and ethnic, if necessary, can be neutral in the war in an invincible position.
is often asked about the critics of democracy at all levels, given the resilience of democracy. Some people noted that the debate, dissent and compromise the democratic system and other processes are weak, in fact, they are the potential power of democracy. Of course, no one argues that democracy is the process of consultation in its particularly efficient: in a large and complex society, make decisions through democratic means can be a tangled, It is tired and when Hao long way. But in the end get a government in the consent of the governed, can faith and authority to speak and act, which is a weak trepidation rely on an army or a non- The election of the party's lack of regime.
the four basic types of democracy
(selected number of countries or regions as an example)
presidential
first past the post parliamentary
Philippines
U.S., Canada, Australia
India Malaysia New Zealand
Jamaica
proportional representation in UK
Latin < br> Western Europe
been on the charts and John. Johns Hopkins University Press agreed, reproduced from Arendt. Li Fate with: Winter Edition, the first year of The Seventh fourteen volumes.
on the power of
democratic system of the United States contribution to one of the most important is the creation of a system of checks and balances to ensure the separation of government and Decentralization: the system based on a firm belief, that is, when the possibility of a government abuse of power is suppressed, and as close to the People, is the ideal government.
as a general term, checks and balances there are two layer of meaning: federalism and the separation of powers.
federal government should play is divided into national, state or provincial, and local and other levels. For example, the United States is a federal republic, each state has independent legal status of the federal government and power. It has a single political structure of other countries (such as Britain and France), the political division is different, because the federal government can not repeal or change states. Although in the twentieth century, the U.S. national level of government and state government in its power relations have been greatly increased, but the state government is still in education, health, transport and law enforcement areas such as shoulder important responsibilities. in the centralized or the responsibilities of each state, generally follow the federal model, the number of positions, such as the operation of schools and police departments, commissions of various local organizations. federal constitutional division of powers is not clear - federal, state and local agencies can several areas (such as education) have repeated or even conflicting agendas - but the federal system is indeed greatly increased opportunities for citizen participation, which is the operation of a democratic society is essential.
meaning of the second layer of checks and balances is separation of powers, it is the drafters of the Federal Constitution in 1789 painstakingly created, not from the government to ensure a particular focus on the national government departments. James. Madison, the principal drafter of the U.S. Constitution, and later became the fourth president, he wrote: In one sense, the separation of powers is a misleading term, because the Madison and other drafters of the Constitution established a system like that is the separation of powers, as it is power sharing. 〔For example, the legislative power belongs to the Congress However, the bill passed by Congress can be vetoed by the president and Congress must both houses a collection of two-thirds majority can override a presidential veto. the president can appoint ambassadors and cabinet members, and the negotiation of international treaties - But to be approved by the Senate. In addition, the President selected the Union; Justice is to be approved by the Senate. As another example, the Constitution clearly stipulates, only Congress has the power to declare war, but the president is commander in chief of the armed forces - in sixties to early seventies during the Vietnam War and lasting, and 90-9 year short of the Persian Gulf conflict, this has obviously become the executive and legislative source of tension between the two departments. As President of the platforms have to be approved Congress was passed, the political scientist Richard de. Neustadt described the U.S. president's power check the contents of some practices and precedents from evolved. Perhaps the most important thing is in 1803 a court case established judicial review in the theory, which gives the Supreme Court power to rule unconstitutional laws of Congress .
separation of powers within the American political system often leads to low efficiency, but it provides an important dikes, to ensure that dark will not protect the government abuse of power - this is every democratic government must face. < br>
Prime Minister and the President of the democratic system is one of the most important decisions the way the election officers and members. elections are generally divided into two. Under the parliamentary system, legislative bodies of the majority party or parties Union, can form a government to lead by a Prime Minister. parliamentary system of government originated in the United Kingdom, today most countries in Europe, the Caribbean, Asian countries, Canada, India and many countries in Africa and Asia (half and half of them former British colonies) have implemented this system. The other main way is to directly elect a president, the election has nothing to do with the legislature. Today, many countries in Latin America, the Philippines, France, Poland and the United States presidential system in the implementation of this .
The main difference between parliamentary and presidential system is that between the legislative and executive branch relations. in the parliamentary system, legislative and executive branches are basically each other one, because the Prime Minister and Cabinet members are drawn from Parliament. In general words, the Government's term of office has a designated period (such as four or five years), unless the Prime Minister lost a majority in Congress, in this case, the Government will come to fall, Congress also re-election. Another Election is, by the head of state (president or constitutional monarch, whose role is mainly symbolic) to give the other party leaders the opportunity to organize a new government.
the parliament is the highest ruling body, so characteristics of the lack of power as the U.S. presidential system separation. parliamentary system must rely on their own internal political dynamics Council to carry out checks and balances on government power. They are usually single, the form of organized opposition to competition checks and balances of power.
under the presidential system, the president, who is also head of government and heads of state from office. the President and Members of Parliament elected directly by the people, and have the specified term. as an integral part of the separation of powers, President's cabinet members are usually not members of Congress .- In general, only committing a serious crime or malfeasance in office, the President will be dismissed before the expiry of his term. If the President of his party a majority in the legislature, and its program can be easily passed, but different with the Prime Minister, the President can not rely on their own political party and remain the majority party.
representative democracy
Another important decision is how to organize the elections. There are two basic choices: vote up the post system or proportional representation. first past the post system is sometimes referred to as ten, but more than other competitors) or due to win a majority (more than fifty percent). The president is also elected in the same way, but elections are held across the country. If no one in the first round of elections the majority, some systems will be arranged by the greatest number of votes for the final two candidates. first past the post system would usually have a broad-based and manipulate the two political parties as incentives.
the contrary, proportional representation system (practiced by most countries in Europe), the voters usually vote for parties rather than to individual candidates. party in the national representation within legislative bodies, depends on each party in the elections in the the proportion of votes won. In a parliamentary system, the majority leader will become prime minister and cabinet members elected in Parliament. If no party achieved a majority, the political parties will conduct frequent consultations to form a coalition of parties dominated by . proportional representation system would help to promote multi-party system, although each party can only get the small percentage of voters, but they are regular referees, to the coalition government a seat inside.
parliamentary and presidential
Today most governments have adopted parliamentary democracy, the main requirements of the parliamentary system is responsive and flexible. parliamentary system of government (particularly elected by proportional representation) tend to multi-party system, even relatively small political groups also to obtain seats in the legislature. Therefore, the minority parties still at odds with each other to participate in the government's most high-level political decision-making process. When the parties try to form a dominant coalition, this diversity of real help to promote dialogue and compromise . If the collapse of the coalition government, or rule of the ruling party lost power, the prime minister will resign, and then set up a new government or new elections - this will not harm or threaten democracy itself.
Council is the major shortcomings flexibility and power-sharing arising from the dark side; instability. in the event of political crisis, may be vulnerable to multi-party alliance and the collapse of the ruling that the government can only maintain a relatively short period of time. coalition government may find themselves either by the mercy of small parties of extremism, the threat of these small parties can withdraw from the ruling coalition and force the government to resign, and thus make a special government policy requirements. In addition, the Prime Minister is the party's leaders, their lack of directly elected by the people the powers conferred by .
Another issue of concern is the supreme authority of parliament and a lack of formal constraints of the system. For example, a majority of seats in parliament have enough political parties to develop a far-reaching and even anti-democratic platform, and its Action will not be any effective limit, resulting in the possibility of the dictatorship of the majority party.
the other hand, the main requirements of the presidential system is the direct responsibility of continuity and strength. the president is elected by the people, have a fixed term , regardless of their political party status in Congress, they can obtain power from the direct elections. through the establishment of separate but equal theory, government departments and strive to establish a strong presidential system the executive and legislative institutions, each agency can to get people voting powers, and checks and balances. Those who fear the dictatorship of the executive branch may be people who tend to emphasize the role of Congress, the legislative body for those worried about the dominant majority party at the moment who may abuse their power, then will maintain the power of the president.
presidential and legislative elections were the weaknesses of the deadlock may occur. the President may not have enough votes to pass its program, but through the exercise of the veto, the president can also prevent the legislation in its own Parliament agency program to replace its own program.
the president is elected by direct election, they seem to have the power than the Prime Minister. But regardless of whether the legislature is controlled by the opposition, because it has an independent outside President electorate, so the president had to contend with the legislature. Thus, the presidential system of party discipline and much more vulnerable than parliamentary system. For example, the president usually do not like as Prime Minister, dismiss or punish members of the party defections. one in the Parliament has its feet in the majority of the prime minister to ensure his government's legislative program passed; and the President in dealing with a jealous of their privileges of Parliament, the often lengthy negotiations, to ensure its passage.
which system best meet the requirements of constitutional democracy, parliamentary or presidential system? The answer is the political scientists and politicians continue to debate the subject, partly because each system has its unique strengths and weaknesses. However, it should be noted that Although presidential and parliamentary system failed to ensure the full realization of constitutional democracy, but both are consistent with the constitutional democracy.
political, economic and civic pluralism in
not have to participate in the political process, they can refusing to participate freely express their dissatisfaction. But if there is no such source of strength for civic activities, democracy will begin to weaken. democratic society citizens have the opportunity to participate in many private organizations, associations and voluntary groups, most of these organizations are concerned with public policy issues , but there is still a small part by government control or funding. individual right to freely join or organize their own different non-governmental organizations, which is the basic principle of democracy. When people with common interests together, their views will be able to been heard, and they influence the political debate to also increase. nineteenth century the great French political observer Ahlers. de Tocqueville wrote: to prevent the party dictatorship or monarchy hegemony. (eg chambers of commerce, professional bodies or trade unions) are usually related to its advocacy of the policy interest in the economy, although they may also be discussion of the issue away from their areas of expertise to take the same position with the public.
the so-called public interest groups (such as environmental and social welfare organizations) are the eyes of the public to pursue their interests or the common good. but this does not make them public to the private interests of interest groups than other groups even more brilliant and more moral. In their public issues position behind is often followed their own interests. The two interest groups are active in any democratic system of government, both close attention to public opinion, to expand its mass base of support, while also trying to educate the masses, influence government policy. interest groups can be used as an intermediary force to coordinate the isolated individual and the large and distant relationship between the government. Through the interaction of these groups (through public debate between conflict, process of compromise and consensus, etc.), in a democratic society can make decisions affecting their people's welfare.
vote for government officials to vote
is the most obvious modern democracy, the most common, but also the most basic forms of participation. have the ability to hold free and fair elections, an exercise in a community is called the key to a democratic society.
the motivation to vote like they represent the interests of society and, as numerous. voters apparently can represent to the candidate to vote their interests, but other factors also affect the choice of voters. they want the political party is a factor: there is a strong relationship with political parties than independent or non-partisan people have a greater willingness to vote. In fact in the proportional representation system, voters can only vote for a political party, not to vote for individual candidates.
made a number of other political scientists can influence the voters and the turnout rate orientation factor. For example, in using the national system of proportional representation, because every vote will affect the representation within the legislature, so in a constituency with a simple majority wins or who gets the most votes won the first prize in the country compared to the former tend to have higher voter turnout . socio-economic status, relatively simple procedures for voter registration, political party system, the power of the media image of the candidates and the election of the amount of times - these will affect the number and the number of voters. in a democratic election, the struggle often is not to decide which candidates can win the most public support, but who is the most effective to promote the views of supporters into votes. voter indifference is not the public of potential danger vacant, no one to fill a vacancy, but officials will be the more to less qualified voters.
party
party by seeking the nomination and election to elect the government officials; if they are a majority, then the government will be drafting the platform; if they are the opposition, then it will criticize and make another set of policies; in the interests of different groups for their support of public policy; to the concerns of the public to educate the masses; and the social structure and rules of political debate. In some of the political regime, ideology, party members may be absorbed and incentives is an important factor; in other political systems under the same economic interests or social views may be more than ideological commitment is more important.
organization and procedures of political parties can have quite different. in various types of one end of the political parties, the multi-party parliamentary system in Europe, those who are disciplined party organizations, nearly all full-time party led by people earth. The other side is the United States, where competing Republican and Democratic parties are decentralized organizations, mainly in the role of Congress and state level. This situation changed once every four years, Republicans and Democrats rely on the national organization is the participation of volunteers, they will work together to organize presidential campaign.
parties with society in which they operate, like, all kinds and so forth. They are often organized campaign charges evil thoughts, time-consuming and tedious, and sometimes even a little boring. but the role of it is very serious: to provide a peaceful and just manner so that citizens of a democratic society can elect their leaders and determine their own destiny to play a meaningful role.
in a protest action democratic society, citizens have the right to peaceful assembly and through demonstrations, marches, petitions, boycotts, strikes and other direct means of action of citizens to oppose government policies or actions of other groups.
democratic society, every citizen can involved in direct action, but traditionally it is oppressed, poor living conditions or methods used by minority groups because they feel they have been excluded in other ways outside of government policy. These protests have always been a democratic society components. Today, the non-violent protest to attract media attention, has also touched a wide range of issues, including environmental pollution, nuclear weapons, foreign policy issues, and racial and ethnic discrimination. direct action in a special way the trade unions right because at the negotiating table to resolve disputes with their employers failed to strike.
protests a proving ground for any democracy. When we all get along with gift ideas and basic questions remain the same, the freedom of expression and citizen participation The ideal is easy to maintain. But opponents - and their goal - not a consensus on basic issues, these debates become heated and angry, the. The problem is to strike a balance: on the one hand safeguard the rights of freedom of speech and assembly, the other is to maintain public order and against the other side attempts to intimidation or violence. to maintain order in the name of repression of peaceful protest action will only lead to repression; but to allow uncontrolled violent protests action will lead to anarchy.
to strike a balance between the two there is no recipe for good ideas in the final analysis, depending on the majority of people take responsibility, to maintain the democratic system and the motto of individual rights . democratic society have the ability to withstand the most intense disputes among citizens - unless the arguments involving the legitimacy of democracy itself.
media will convey the message to rule
. As more and more large and complex modern society to convey the field of information and public debate has become increasingly dominated by the mass media: radio and television, newspapers, magazines, books, and even computerized database is true. In a democratic society, the media, although there are some features The overlap, but have their own characteristics. One task is to convey, and education. People want to make informed public policy decisions need to have accurate, timely and unbiased information. As always there are differences of public opinion, so they need to listen to a wide range of opinions. In that role is especially important during the election campaign, because voters saw the candidates rarely have the opportunity to chat with them and even fewer opportunities. Instead, they have to rely on newspapers and television reports, to analyze issues and determine the position of the various candidates and their parties.
The second task is the media as government and other authorities in society watchdogs. the media in line with independent and objective criteria (though not perfect), able to reveal the truth behind the Government's statement and urged officials accountable for their actions.
media can also choose to play a more active public debate the role of an editorial or through investigation reports, as they believe a specific policy should be adopted and reform for publicity. the media can also serve as a forum for institutions and individuals, and through the written editorial articles published in different points of view, to express their views.
other media commentators play an increasingly important role: the development agenda. understanding of the problems of heavy. with those who control the media by the government in different countries, in a democratic society, the media can not arbitrarily manipulate or ignore the problem, after all their competitors and the government itself could each list a series of important issues, arouse public concern at any time.
media in the performance of these tasks has been very responsible, very few people will have doubts. news reporters and television interviewers will seek to meet the criteria for objective reporting, but inevitably the news They will be individuals or institutions serving bias and sensitivity of the filter to become sensational, superficial, interference of others, does not match the facts and full of provocative. The solution is not to make laws to force or to define the scope of responsibility of journalists issuing a permit, but to improve the level of public opinion, so that citizens have a strong ability to tell the false and exaggerated and erroneous reports of the text, and to find out the truth. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Oliver outstanding. Wendell . Holmes in 1919, said: does not contain the specific economic principles. democratic government can accept the loyalty of the Socialist Party and the free market business. In fact, many disputes of modern democratic society in the economic field with the Government to be related to the role played by the right. However, it is fair to that the pro-democracy people usually consider economic freedom a key factor in any democratic society. This does not exclude the fact that our economic problems today and define the political divide, stressed the need to equality and social welfare as the government's economic policies. In the past, such an argument prompted the Government to control the national economy's major sectors (such as telecommunications, transportation, and some heavy industries) of the title. They also called on the government for those in need provide medical, unemployment and other social benefits. Instead, centrist and conservative parties are not subject to government control or intervention emphasized the free market economy, as to achieve economic growth, technological development and common prosperity of the most effective way.
In fact, the debate on the economy, the parties have a lot in common than their heated political debate is more likely to make concessions. For example, the left and the right people soil are independent of the Government to accept the freedom of workers movement played an important role. In a free society, the workers have the opportunity to organize or join trade unions to represent their interests, and employers on wages, health care and retirement benefits, working conditions and appeal process and other issues extended negotiations.
a modern democratic state is not the economic system is completely state-owned or government completely out of control. They are private businesses and a mix of government regulation, a high degree of relying on free market, in this market, prices are not set out by the government , but by millions of consumers and producers through the daily transactions ...
democratic culture and the system is not just the sum of its internal. A healthy democracy depends on the development of democratic civic culture. Diane. Leiwei Qi pointed out that, in this sense , democracy does not refer to art, literature or music, but to define the ability of people who self-government practices, customs and norms.
she wrote: regime to create a docile obedient citizens, on the contrary, democratic society, civic culture by individuals and groups choose the activities of the decision. a free society citizens to pursue their own interests, exercise their rights and for their own life responsibility. They decided to do their own type of work, where to live, whether to join a particular political party and read what books and so on. These are private decisions, not political decisions. and film performance of social and cultural art forms are also independent of the Government. democratic social support or encourage artists writers, but will not set standards for the arts will not make efforts to assess the value of art or the art review of methods of expression. The artist is not State employees or servants. democratic society is the main contribution to the freedom of artistic freedom to create,UGG boots clearance, test, and explore the world of human thought and spirit.
of education for democracy and education are important to any part of society, For the democratic society in particular. As Thomas. as Jefferson wrote: there will be something. analytical ability and understanding of laws and practices of democracy. Vanderbilt Professor of little Chester. Finn to educators, speech in Nicaragua, said: not born knowing that they and their children can receive a free society and political system, h, and learning that they must master the knowledge. force regime indoctrination and teach people the values of political neutrality is not enough. It is impossible: because all education, whether intentional or unintentional, will transmit values. the spirit of open questions is itself an important democratic values, In that spirit can indeed teach students the principles of democracy. Meanwhile, democratic education system to encourage students to use a reasonable and prudent research points to challenge traditional thinking, which may lead to heated arguments, but a textbook democracy should not ignore the unpleasant or controversial events or facts.
Finn said: ability to maintain and improve the system of government relies heavily on the education they have experienced the quality and performance. We can fairly say that in a democratic country, freedom of education can make to grow over time. and consensus
has all kinds of human desires, they are sometimes contradictory. people want security, but adventurous; they want personal freedom, but requires social equality.
democracy, too, recognize the many pressures and even contradictory exist in every democratic society is very important. Larry. Diamond But is it a set of rules for handling conflicts. At the same time, the conflict must be resolved within the limits specified in order to reach a compromise. biased towards any party may destroy the balance of the whole community. If each group to fight for their democracy as a merely requirements of the forum, then, the society may be divided from within. If the government imposed a consensus too much pressure, suppress the voice of the people, then social pressure can be crushed from above.
conflict resolution and There is no single or easy way. democracy is not one to enter the correct principles and procedures for the operation automatically after the machine. democratic society requires the support of citizens, need them to recognize the inevitable conflict and the necessary tolerance.
democratic society Many conflicts are not clear For example: to allocate a certain percentage of the work has been discriminated against minority groups correct? countries have the right to buy someone strong residential land to the laying of a much-needed road? when the society in the name of the protection of wild forest logging ban, at the expense of timber industry for a living rely on the livelihoods of small communities and undermine its economy, whose rights should prevail? If the police stop and search people at random to combat drug trafficking, which is a violation of the rights of citizens or to protect the social rights?
These are not easy to deal with the problem, only the broad principles of democracy and the analysis of these issues are described in the guide. In fact, the answer may change over time. It is for this reason, the development of a democratic culture is very important. individuals and groups must be at least willing to tolerate their differences, have solid understanding of each other's rights and legal point of view. debate parties, whether in local neighborhoods or national parliaments, should meet the spirit of compromise, to seek a based majority rule and minority interests to take care of the general principle of specific solutions, in some cases, a formal vote is necessary, but very often, groups achieved through debate and compromise or settlement of an informal consensus. These program also have the advantage of helping the parties to establish the trust needed to solve future problems.
Diane. Leiwei Qi pointed out that to negotiate, compromise and cooperation. differences of opinion through a partnership of groups, you can learn how to argue in a peaceful manner, the method of how the pursuit of democratic goals, and ultimately learn how to live in a pluralistic world. Democracy is not a constant revelation of truth, but a mechanism to seek the truth. Since this mechanism, it is thought through conflict and compromise, and personal conflict and compromise with the institutions to find the truth, though may not be perfect to do to this point. Democracy is pragmatic. perspectives and solutions to problems not by rigid ideology to test, but in the real world test, in this world, you can view and discussed ways to solve the problem, change , accepted or rejected.
autonomy can not guarantee that the people do not make mistakes, not the end of ethnic conflicts, there is no guarantee of economic prosperity, but in any case, it is wrong to allow that debate to identify and validate, to allow groups meet to resolve differences, and provide reform and investment opportunities, which is the driving force of economic growth.
democracy and democratic government for authoritarian power
and critics, they all share a common democratic misconception that It lacks the ability to suppress, but also the lack of rule of power. This view is fundamentally flawed: the democratic system by asking the Government to limit the power, rather than the weakened. Throughout the long process of history, although in the past decade of democracy recovery to create an advantage, but the fact of democracy is still fragile and small. democratic system can not free from the impact of tide of history; they collapsed due to political failure, internal division and decline, or the subversion of the invasion of foreign enemies. But history has also proved stubborn resilience of democracy, shows commitment to the people and knowledgeable as the contribution of democracy to overcome the serious economic difficulties, to reconcile the split between social and ethnic, if necessary, can be neutral in the war in an invincible position.
is often asked about the critics of democracy at all levels, given the resilience of democracy. Some people noted that the debate, dissent and compromise the democratic system and other processes are weak, in fact, they are the potential power of democracy. Of course, no one argues that democracy is the process of consultation in its particularly efficient: in a large and complex society, make decisions through democratic means can be a tangled, It is tired and when Hao long way. But in the end get a government in the consent of the governed, can faith and authority to speak and act, which is a weak trepidation rely on an army or a non- The election of the party's lack of regime.
the four basic types of democracy
(selected number of countries or regions as an example)
presidential
first past the post parliamentary
Philippines
U.S., Canada, Australia
India Malaysia New Zealand
Jamaica
proportional representation in UK
Latin < br> Western Europe
been on the charts and John. Johns Hopkins University Press agreed, reproduced from Arendt. Li Fate with: Winter Edition, the first year of The Seventh fourteen volumes.
on the power of
democratic system of the United States contribution to one of the most important is the creation of a system of checks and balances to ensure the separation of government and Decentralization: the system based on a firm belief, that is, when the possibility of a government abuse of power is suppressed, and as close to the People, is the ideal government.
as a general term, checks and balances there are two layer of meaning: federalism and the separation of powers.
federal government should play is divided into national, state or provincial, and local and other levels. For example, the United States is a federal republic, each state has independent legal status of the federal government and power. It has a single political structure of other countries (such as Britain and France), the political division is different, because the federal government can not repeal or change states. Although in the twentieth century, the U.S. national level of government and state government in its power relations have been greatly increased, but the state government is still in education, health, transport and law enforcement areas such as shoulder important responsibilities. in the centralized or the responsibilities of each state, generally follow the federal model, the number of positions, such as the operation of schools and police departments, commissions of various local organizations. federal constitutional division of powers is not clear - federal, state and local agencies can several areas (such as education) have repeated or even conflicting agendas - but the federal system is indeed greatly increased opportunities for citizen participation, which is the operation of a democratic society is essential.
meaning of the second layer of checks and balances is separation of powers, it is the drafters of the Federal Constitution in 1789 painstakingly created, not from the government to ensure a particular focus on the national government departments. James. Madison, the principal drafter of the U.S. Constitution, and later became the fourth president, he wrote: In one sense, the separation of powers is a misleading term, because the Madison and other drafters of the Constitution established a system like that is the separation of powers, as it is power sharing. 〔For example, the legislative power belongs to the Congress However, the bill passed by Congress can be vetoed by the president and Congress must both houses a collection of two-thirds majority can override a presidential veto. the president can appoint ambassadors and cabinet members, and the negotiation of international treaties - But to be approved by the Senate. In addition, the President selected the Union; Justice is to be approved by the Senate. As another example, the Constitution clearly stipulates, only Congress has the power to declare war, but the president is commander in chief of the armed forces - in sixties to early seventies during the Vietnam War and lasting, and 90-9 year short of the Persian Gulf conflict, this has obviously become the executive and legislative source of tension between the two departments. As President of the platforms have to be approved Congress was passed, the political scientist Richard de. Neustadt described the U.S. president's power check the contents of some practices and precedents from evolved. Perhaps the most important thing is in 1803 a court case established judicial review in the theory, which gives the Supreme Court power to rule unconstitutional laws of Congress .
separation of powers within the American political system often leads to low efficiency, but it provides an important dikes, to ensure that dark will not protect the government abuse of power - this is every democratic government must face. < br>
Prime Minister and the President of the democratic system is one of the most important decisions the way the election officers and members. elections are generally divided into two. Under the parliamentary system, legislative bodies of the majority party or parties Union, can form a government to lead by a Prime Minister. parliamentary system of government originated in the United Kingdom, today most countries in Europe, the Caribbean, Asian countries, Canada, India and many countries in Africa and Asia (half and half of them former British colonies) have implemented this system. The other main way is to directly elect a president, the election has nothing to do with the legislature. Today, many countries in Latin America, the Philippines, France, Poland and the United States presidential system in the implementation of this .
The main difference between parliamentary and presidential system is that between the legislative and executive branch relations. in the parliamentary system, legislative and executive branches are basically each other one, because the Prime Minister and Cabinet members are drawn from Parliament. In general words, the Government's term of office has a designated period (such as four or five years), unless the Prime Minister lost a majority in Congress, in this case, the Government will come to fall, Congress also re-election. Another Election is, by the head of state (president or constitutional monarch, whose role is mainly symbolic) to give the other party leaders the opportunity to organize a new government.
the parliament is the highest ruling body, so characteristics of the lack of power as the U.S. presidential system separation. parliamentary system must rely on their own internal political dynamics Council to carry out checks and balances on government power. They are usually single, the form of organized opposition to competition checks and balances of power.
under the presidential system, the president, who is also head of government and heads of state from office. the President and Members of Parliament elected directly by the people, and have the specified term. as an integral part of the separation of powers, President's cabinet members are usually not members of Congress .- In general, only committing a serious crime or malfeasance in office, the President will be dismissed before the expiry of his term. If the President of his party a majority in the legislature, and its program can be easily passed, but different with the Prime Minister, the President can not rely on their own political party and remain the majority party.
representative democracy
Another important decision is how to organize the elections. There are two basic choices: vote up the post system or proportional representation. first past the post system is sometimes referred to as ten, but more than other competitors) or due to win a majority (more than fifty percent). The president is also elected in the same way, but elections are held across the country. If no one in the first round of elections the majority, some systems will be arranged by the greatest number of votes for the final two candidates. first past the post system would usually have a broad-based and manipulate the two political parties as incentives.
the contrary, proportional representation system (practiced by most countries in Europe), the voters usually vote for parties rather than to individual candidates. party in the national representation within legislative bodies, depends on each party in the elections in the the proportion of votes won. In a parliamentary system, the majority leader will become prime minister and cabinet members elected in Parliament. If no party achieved a majority, the political parties will conduct frequent consultations to form a coalition of parties dominated by . proportional representation system would help to promote multi-party system, although each party can only get the small percentage of voters, but they are regular referees, to the coalition government a seat inside.
parliamentary and presidential
Today most governments have adopted parliamentary democracy, the main requirements of the parliamentary system is responsive and flexible. parliamentary system of government (particularly elected by proportional representation) tend to multi-party system, even relatively small political groups also to obtain seats in the legislature. Therefore, the minority parties still at odds with each other to participate in the government's most high-level political decision-making process. When the parties try to form a dominant coalition, this diversity of real help to promote dialogue and compromise . If the collapse of the coalition government, or rule of the ruling party lost power, the prime minister will resign, and then set up a new government or new elections - this will not harm or threaten democracy itself.
Council is the major shortcomings flexibility and power-sharing arising from the dark side; instability. in the event of political crisis, may be vulnerable to multi-party alliance and the collapse of the ruling that the government can only maintain a relatively short period of time. coalition government may find themselves either by the mercy of small parties of extremism, the threat of these small parties can withdraw from the ruling coalition and force the government to resign, and thus make a special government policy requirements. In addition, the Prime Minister is the party's leaders, their lack of directly elected by the people the powers conferred by .
Another issue of concern is the supreme authority of parliament and a lack of formal constraints of the system. For example, a majority of seats in parliament have enough political parties to develop a far-reaching and even anti-democratic platform, and its Action will not be any effective limit, resulting in the possibility of the dictatorship of the majority party.
the other hand, the main requirements of the presidential system is the direct responsibility of continuity and strength. the president is elected by the people, have a fixed term , regardless of their political party status in Congress, they can obtain power from the direct elections. through the establishment of separate but equal theory, government departments and strive to establish a strong presidential system the executive and legislative institutions, each agency can to get people voting powers, and checks and balances. Those who fear the dictatorship of the executive branch may be people who tend to emphasize the role of Congress, the legislative body for those worried about the dominant majority party at the moment who may abuse their power, then will maintain the power of the president.
presidential and legislative elections were the weaknesses of the deadlock may occur. the President may not have enough votes to pass its program, but through the exercise of the veto, the president can also prevent the legislation in its own Parliament agency program to replace its own program.
the president is elected by direct election, they seem to have the power than the Prime Minister. But regardless of whether the legislature is controlled by the opposition, because it has an independent outside President electorate, so the president had to contend with the legislature. Thus, the presidential system of party discipline and much more vulnerable than parliamentary system. For example, the president usually do not like as Prime Minister, dismiss or punish members of the party defections. one in the Parliament has its feet in the majority of the prime minister to ensure his government's legislative program passed; and the President in dealing with a jealous of their privileges of Parliament, the often lengthy negotiations, to ensure its passage.
which system best meet the requirements of constitutional democracy, parliamentary or presidential system? The answer is the political scientists and politicians continue to debate the subject, partly because each system has its unique strengths and weaknesses. However, it should be noted that Although presidential and parliamentary system failed to ensure the full realization of constitutional democracy, but both are consistent with the constitutional democracy.
political, economic and civic pluralism in
not have to participate in the political process, they can refusing to participate freely express their dissatisfaction. But if there is no such source of strength for civic activities, democracy will begin to weaken. democratic society citizens have the opportunity to participate in many private organizations, associations and voluntary groups, most of these organizations are concerned with public policy issues , but there is still a small part by government control or funding. individual right to freely join or organize their own different non-governmental organizations, which is the basic principle of democracy. When people with common interests together, their views will be able to been heard, and they influence the political debate to also increase. nineteenth century the great French political observer Ahlers. de Tocqueville wrote: to prevent the party dictatorship or monarchy hegemony. (eg chambers of commerce, professional bodies or trade unions) are usually related to its advocacy of the policy interest in the economy, although they may also be discussion of the issue away from their areas of expertise to take the same position with the public.
the so-called public interest groups (such as environmental and social welfare organizations) are the eyes of the public to pursue their interests or the common good. but this does not make them public to the private interests of interest groups than other groups even more brilliant and more moral. In their public issues position behind is often followed their own interests. The two interest groups are active in any democratic system of government, both close attention to public opinion, to expand its mass base of support, while also trying to educate the masses, influence government policy. interest groups can be used as an intermediary force to coordinate the isolated individual and the large and distant relationship between the government. Through the interaction of these groups (through public debate between conflict, process of compromise and consensus, etc.), in a democratic society can make decisions affecting their people's welfare.
vote for government officials to vote
is the most obvious modern democracy, the most common, but also the most basic forms of participation. have the ability to hold free and fair elections, an exercise in a community is called the key to a democratic society.
the motivation to vote like they represent the interests of society and, as numerous. voters apparently can represent to the candidate to vote their interests, but other factors also affect the choice of voters. they want the political party is a factor: there is a strong relationship with political parties than independent or non-partisan people have a greater willingness to vote. In fact in the proportional representation system, voters can only vote for a political party, not to vote for individual candidates.
made a number of other political scientists can influence the voters and the turnout rate orientation factor. For example, in using the national system of proportional representation, because every vote will affect the representation within the legislature, so in a constituency with a simple majority wins or who gets the most votes won the first prize in the country compared to the former tend to have higher voter turnout . socio-economic status, relatively simple procedures for voter registration, political party system, the power of the media image of the candidates and the election of the amount of times - these will affect the number and the number of voters. in a democratic election, the struggle often is not to decide which candidates can win the most public support, but who is the most effective to promote the views of supporters into votes. voter indifference is not the public of potential danger vacant, no one to fill a vacancy, but officials will be the more to less qualified voters.
party
party by seeking the nomination and election to elect the government officials; if they are a majority, then the government will be drafting the platform; if they are the opposition, then it will criticize and make another set of policies; in the interests of different groups for their support of public policy; to the concerns of the public to educate the masses; and the social structure and rules of political debate. In some of the political regime, ideology, party members may be absorbed and incentives is an important factor; in other political systems under the same economic interests or social views may be more than ideological commitment is more important.
organization and procedures of political parties can have quite different. in various types of one end of the political parties, the multi-party parliamentary system in Europe, those who are disciplined party organizations, nearly all full-time party led by people earth. The other side is the United States, where competing Republican and Democratic parties are decentralized organizations, mainly in the role of Congress and state level. This situation changed once every four years, Republicans and Democrats rely on the national organization is the participation of volunteers, they will work together to organize presidential campaign.
parties with society in which they operate, like, all kinds and so forth. They are often organized campaign charges evil thoughts, time-consuming and tedious, and sometimes even a little boring. but the role of it is very serious: to provide a peaceful and just manner so that citizens of a democratic society can elect their leaders and determine their own destiny to play a meaningful role.
in a protest action democratic society, citizens have the right to peaceful assembly and through demonstrations, marches, petitions, boycotts, strikes and other direct means of action of citizens to oppose government policies or actions of other groups.
democratic society, every citizen can involved in direct action, but traditionally it is oppressed, poor living conditions or methods used by minority groups because they feel they have been excluded in other ways outside of government policy. These protests have always been a democratic society components. Today, the non-violent protest to attract media attention, has also touched a wide range of issues, including environmental pollution, nuclear weapons, foreign policy issues, and racial and ethnic discrimination. direct action in a special way the trade unions right because at the negotiating table to resolve disputes with their employers failed to strike.
protests a proving ground for any democracy. When we all get along with gift ideas and basic questions remain the same, the freedom of expression and citizen participation The ideal is easy to maintain. But opponents - and their goal - not a consensus on basic issues, these debates become heated and angry, the. The problem is to strike a balance: on the one hand safeguard the rights of freedom of speech and assembly, the other is to maintain public order and against the other side attempts to intimidation or violence. to maintain order in the name of repression of peaceful protest action will only lead to repression; but to allow uncontrolled violent protests action will lead to anarchy.
to strike a balance between the two there is no recipe for good ideas in the final analysis, depending on the majority of people take responsibility, to maintain the democratic system and the motto of individual rights . democratic society have the ability to withstand the most intense disputes among citizens - unless the arguments involving the legitimacy of democracy itself.
media will convey the message to rule
. As more and more large and complex modern society to convey the field of information and public debate has become increasingly dominated by the mass media: radio and television, newspapers, magazines, books, and even computerized database is true. In a democratic society, the media, although there are some features The overlap, but have their own characteristics. One task is to convey, and education. People want to make informed public policy decisions need to have accurate, timely and unbiased information. As always there are differences of public opinion, so they need to listen to a wide range of opinions. In that role is especially important during the election campaign, because voters saw the candidates rarely have the opportunity to chat with them and even fewer opportunities. Instead, they have to rely on newspapers and television reports, to analyze issues and determine the position of the various candidates and their parties.
The second task is the media as government and other authorities in society watchdogs. the media in line with independent and objective criteria (though not perfect), able to reveal the truth behind the Government's statement and urged officials accountable for their actions.
media can also choose to play a more active public debate the role of an editorial or through investigation reports, as they believe a specific policy should be adopted and reform for publicity. the media can also serve as a forum for institutions and individuals, and through the written editorial articles published in different points of view, to express their views.
other media commentators play an increasingly important role: the development agenda. understanding of the problems of heavy. with those who control the media by the government in different countries, in a democratic society, the media can not arbitrarily manipulate or ignore the problem, after all their competitors and the government itself could each list a series of important issues, arouse public concern at any time.
media in the performance of these tasks has been very responsible, very few people will have doubts. news reporters and television interviewers will seek to meet the criteria for objective reporting, but inevitably the news They will be individuals or institutions serving bias and sensitivity of the filter to become sensational, superficial, interference of others, does not match the facts and full of provocative. The solution is not to make laws to force or to define the scope of responsibility of journalists issuing a permit, but to improve the level of public opinion, so that citizens have a strong ability to tell the false and exaggerated and erroneous reports of the text, and to find out the truth. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Oliver outstanding. Wendell . Holmes in 1919, said: does not contain the specific economic principles. democratic government can accept the loyalty of the Socialist Party and the free market business. In fact, many disputes of modern democratic society in the economic field with the Government to be related to the role played by the right. However, it is fair to that the pro-democracy people usually consider economic freedom a key factor in any democratic society. This does not exclude the fact that our economic problems today and define the political divide, stressed the need to equality and social welfare as the government's economic policies. In the past, such an argument prompted the Government to control the national economy's major sectors (such as telecommunications, transportation, and some heavy industries) of the title. They also called on the government for those in need provide medical, unemployment and other social benefits. Instead, centrist and conservative parties are not subject to government control or intervention emphasized the free market economy, as to achieve economic growth, technological development and common prosperity of the most effective way.
In fact, the debate on the economy, the parties have a lot in common than their heated political debate is more likely to make concessions. For example, the left and the right people soil are independent of the Government to accept the freedom of workers movement played an important role. In a free society, the workers have the opportunity to organize or join trade unions to represent their interests, and employers on wages, health care and retirement benefits, working conditions and appeal process and other issues extended negotiations.
a modern democratic state is not the economic system is completely state-owned or government completely out of control. They are private businesses and a mix of government regulation, a high degree of relying on free market, in this market, prices are not set out by the government , but by millions of consumers and producers through the daily transactions ...
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